Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/

ECHOSUITE

# Echocardiography, from acquisition to calculation.

Explore the probe position, acquire the measurement, and understand the calculation. EchoSuite brings 3D probe training and 70 echo calculators together in your browser.

[Open Probe Lab →](https://echosuite.app/)[Browse calculators →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/)

## Not sure where to start?

[Choose a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/) for your first echo views, aortic stenosis, LV volumes or the right heart. [Teaching resources](https://echosuite.app/teach/) include focused links for a session or course page.

## Find a measurement guide

Each guide lists the tool’s inputs, units, acquisition steps, formula and references, with a link to the interactive calculator.

Find a calculator guide

### Stenosis

- [Aortic valve area calculator: continuity equation and stress echo](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-stenosis/) LVOT diameter · LVOT VTI · Aortic valve VTI
- [Mitral valve area calculator: pressure half-time](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pht/) Mitral pressure half-time
- [Mitral valve area calculator: continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-continuity/) LVOT diameter · LVOT VTI · Mitral inflow VTI
- [Mitral stenosis · PISA valve area calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pisa/) PISA radius · Aliasing velocity · Peak mitral velocity
- [Tricuspid stenosis · significance calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/tricuspid-stenosis/) Mean tricuspid gradient · Pressure half-time · Tricuspid inflow VTI
- [Pulmonic stenosis · peak gradient calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pulmonic-stenosis/) Peak pulmonic velocity

### Regurgitation

- [Aortic regurgitation PISA calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-pisa/) PISA radius · Aliasing velocity · AR Vmax
- [Aortic regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-continuity/) LVOT diameter · LVOT VTI · Mitral annulus diameter
- [Mitral regurgitation PISA calculator: EROA and regurgitant volume](https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-pisa/) PISA radius · Aliasing velocity magnitude · MR Vmax
- [Mitral regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-continuity/) LVOT diameter · LVOT VTI · Mitral annulus diameter
- [Tricuspid regurgitation calculator: PISA quantification](https://echosuite.app/guides/tr-pisa/) PISA radius · Aliasing velocity · TR Vmax
- [Pulmonic regurgitation · continuity calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pulmonic-regurg/) RVOT diameter · RVOT VTI · LVOT diameter

### Filling pressures

- [Left atrial pressure calculator: E/e′ method](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-ee/) Mitral E velocity · Septal e′ · Lateral e′
- [Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/) Systolic blood pressure · MR Vmax
- [Left atrial volume index calculator: LAVI](https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/) Biplane LA volume · Body surface area · LAVi
- [Left ventricular pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/) MR peak systolic velocity · Independent LAP estimate · Diastolic blood pressure
- [Diastolic function assessment: sinus rhythm](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-sinus/) Mitral E/A ratio · Septal e′ · Lateral e′
- [Diastolic assessment in atrial fibrillation](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-af/) Mitral E velocity · Septal E/e′ · TR peak velocity
- [Diastolic assessment in mitral annular calcification](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-mac/) Mitral E/A ratio · IVRT
- [Diastolic assessment in mitral stenosis](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-ms/) IVRT · Mitral A peak velocity · IVRT / T(E−e′)
- [Diastolic assessment in significant mitral regurgitation](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-mr/) IVRT · Pulmonary vein Ar duration · Mitral A duration
- [Diastolic assessment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-hcm/) Average E/e′ · Pulmonary vein Ar − mitral A duration · TR peak velocity
- [Diastolic assessment in restrictive cardiomyopathy](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-restrictive/) Average E/e′ · Mitral E deceleration time · Mitral E/A ratio
- [Diastolic assessment in sinus tachycardia](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-tachycardia/) IVRT · Pulmonary vein systolic filling fraction · Average E/e′
- [Diastolic exercise echocardiography assessment](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-exercise/) Exercise average E/e′ · Exercise septal E/e′ · Exercise TR velocity
- [Diastolic assessment in pulmonary hypertension](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-ph/) Mitral E/A ratio · Mitral E velocity · LA reservoir strain
- [Diastolic assessment after heart transplant: sinus rhythm](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-transplant/) Average E/e′ · Mitral E / SRIVR · TR peak velocity
- [Diastolic assessment with a left ventricular assist device](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-lvad/) Mitral E/A ratio · Right atrial pressure · PASP

### Ventricular function

- [Left ventricular fractional shortening calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/fractional-shortening/) LVIDd · end-diastole · LVIDs · end-systole
- [Left ventricular dimensions calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-linear/) LV internal diameter · Body surface area
- [Left ventricular mass and wall thickness calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-mass/) LVIDd · PWd · IVSd
- [Left ventricular volume index calculator: EDV and ESV](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-volume-index/) End-diastolic volume · End-systolic volume · Body surface area
- [Left ventricular ejection fraction calculator: LVEF](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-ef/) End-diastolic volume · End-systolic volume · Body surface area
- [Global longitudinal strain calculator: LV GLS and serial change](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-gls/) Current GLS · signed · Baseline GLS · signed
- [LVOT stroke volume and cardiac output calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lvot-flow/) LVOT diameter · LVOT PW VTI · Heart rate at acquisition
- [Aortic size and diameter index calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-size/) Measured diameter · Body surface area
- [Wall motion score index calculator: WMSI](https://echosuite.app/guides/wmsi/)

### Right heart & PA

- [Right atrial pressure assessment: IVC and hepatic vein flow](https://echosuite.app/guides/rap/) IVC diameter · End-expiratory maximum · Sniff minimum
- [Right atrial size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/ra-size/) RA volume · Body surface area · RA major dimension
- [Right ventricular size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-size-calc/) RVD1 · basal · RVD2 · mid · RVD3 · length
- [Right ventricular function calculator: TAPSE, FAC and coupling](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-function-calc/) TAPSE · Lateral tricuspid S′ · End-diastolic area
- [RVSP and PASP calculator: tricuspid regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/rvsp/) TR Vmax · Estimated RAP · Peak pulmonic (RVOT) gradient
- [Pulmonary artery pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pa-pressure/) PR end-diastolic velocity · PR early-diastolic peak velocity · Mean RV–RA gradient
- [Mean pulmonary artery pressure calculator: RVOT acceleration time](https://echosuite.app/guides/mpap-rvot/) RVOT acceleration time · Heart rate
- [Pulmonary vascular resistance calculator: echo Doppler method](https://echosuite.app/guides/pvr/) TR Vmax · RVOT VTI
- [RV myocardial performance index calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mpi/) Tricuspid closure-to-opening time · Isovolumic contraction time · Isovolumic relaxation time
- [Body surface area calculator: height and weight](https://echosuite.app/guides/bsa/) Height · H · Weight · W

### Pericardium

- [Pericardial effusion size measurement guide and calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/effusion-size/) Maximum end-diastolic separation
- [Mitral inflow · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-respiratory/) Expiratory Eₑ · Inspiratory Eᵢ
- [Tricuspid inflow · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/tricuspid-respiratory/) Expiratory Eₑ · Inspiratory Eᵢ
- [LVOT · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lvot-respiratory/) Expiratory peak Vₑ · Inspiratory peak Vᵢ · Expiratory VTIₑ
- [Hepatic vein · expiratory reversal calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/hepatic-expiratory-reversal/) Expiratory Dᵣ reversal · Expiratory D forward
- [Annulus reversus · medial / lateral e′ calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/annulus-reversus/) Medial e′ · Lateral e′

### Shunts & congenital

- [Qp/Qs calculator: pulmonary to systemic flow ratio](https://echosuite.app/guides/qpqs/) RVOT maximal-systolic diameter at PW site · RVOT VTI · LVOT maximal-systolic diameter at PW site
- [Atrial septal defect: shunt and Doppler calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/asd/) RVOT diameter at the PW sample · RVOT VTI · LVOT diameter at the PW sample
- [VSD · size & right-heart pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/vsd-pressure/) Systolic blood pressure · Peak VSD velocity · Independent LVEDP
- [PDA · shunt & PA pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pda-pressure/) Peak systolic PDA velocity · Systolic blood pressure · Complete-cycle mean gradient
- [Coarctation · anatomy & gradients calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/coarctation/) Proximal peak velocity V₁ · Coarctation peak velocity V₂ · Traced systolic mean gradient
- [Fontan · circulation & gradients calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/fontan-gradient/) Traced mean gradient

### Prosthetic valves

- [Aortic prosthetic valve calculator: EOA, DVI and PPM](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis/) LVOT VTI · Prosthesis VTI · LVOT diameter
- [Surgical aortic prosthesis · obstruction calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis-screen/) Peak velocity · Mean gradient · DVI · LVOT VTI ÷ prosthesis VTI
- [Aortic prosthesis · serial comparison calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis-serial/) Baseline mean gradient · Current mean gradient · Baseline DVI
- [Mitral prosthetic valve calculator: EOA, DVI and PPM](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-prosthesis/) LVOT VTI · Mitral prosthesis VTI · LVOT diameter
- [Mitral prosthesis · obstruction calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-prosthesis-screen/) Peak velocity · Mean gradient · DVI · prosthesis VTI ÷ LVOT VTI

### Ultrasound physics

- [Wave relationships calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/wave-relations/) Transmit frequency · Sound speed · Cycles per pulse
- [Pulse repetition and Nyquist calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pulse-repetition/) Sample depth · Pulse repetition frequency · Pulse duration · PD
- [Pulse length and near field calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pulse-geometry/) Transmit frequency · f · Sound speed · c · Cycles per pulse · n
- [Doppler equation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/doppler-equation/) Shift magnitude · |Δf| · Blood speed · v · Transmit frequency · fₜ
- [Acoustic impedance and intensity calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/acoustic/) Density · ρ · Sound speed · c · Medium 1 · Z₁
- [Poiseuille flow calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/poiseuille/) Tube radius · r · Tube length · L · Dynamic viscosity · η

## Practice the echo views

[Explore the online echo simulator](https://echosuite.app/echo-simulator/).

Probe Lab combines a 3D mannequin and probe, simulated imaging, clinical reference cines, view targets and acquisition coaching.

- [Parasternal long axis](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/)
- [Apical four chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/)
- [Subcostal four chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/subcostal-four-chamber/)
- [Subcostal IVC long axis](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/inferior-vena-cava/)
- [Abdominal aorta long axis](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/abdominal-aorta/)
- [Suprasternal notch, aortic arch](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/suprasternal-aortic-arch/)
- [Parasternal short axis, aortic valve level](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-aortic-valve/)
- [Parasternal short axis, mitral valve level](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-mitral-valve/)
- [Parasternal short axis, papillary muscle level](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-papillary-muscles/)
- [Parasternal short axis, apical level](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-apex/)
- [RV inflow](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-inflow/)
- [RV outflow](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-outflow/)
- [Apical five chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-five-chamber/)
- [Apical two chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-two-chamber/)
- [Apical three chamber (apical long axis)](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-three-chamber/)

## About EchoSuite

[About the creator, sources and educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/).

Created by Mohammed Kamareddine, MD. Teaching figures link to acquisition notes and their sources; third-party anatomy and clinical media retain their listed licences.

[Contact and feedback](mailto:mohammed@echosuite.fyi) · [Instagram @mkamareddine](https://www.instagram.com/mkamareddine/) · [Tools & resources](https://echosuite.app/agents/)