# EchoSuite guide library Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/ ECHOSUITE # Echocardiography, from acquisition to calculation. Explore the probe position, acquire the measurement, and understand the calculation. EchoSuite brings 3D probe training and 70 echo calculators together in your browser. [Open Probe Lab →](https://echosuite.app/)[Browse calculators →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/) ## Not sure where to start? [Choose a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/) for your first echo views, aortic stenosis, LV volumes or the right heart. [Teaching resources](https://echosuite.app/teach/) include focused links for a session or course page. ## Find a measurement guide Each guide lists the tool’s inputs, units, acquisition steps, formula and references, with a link to the interactive calculator. Find a calculator guide ### Stenosis - [Aortic valve area calculator: continuity equation and stress echo](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-stenosis/) LVOT diameter · LVOT VTI · Aortic valve VTI - [Mitral valve area calculator: pressure half-time](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pht/) Mitral pressure half-time - [Mitral valve area calculator: continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-continuity/) LVOT diameter · LVOT VTI · Mitral inflow VTI - [Mitral stenosis · PISA valve area calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pisa/) PISA radius · Aliasing velocity · Peak mitral velocity - [Tricuspid stenosis · significance calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/tricuspid-stenosis/) Mean tricuspid gradient · Pressure half-time · Tricuspid inflow VTI - [Pulmonic stenosis · peak gradient calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pulmonic-stenosis/) Peak pulmonic velocity ### Regurgitation - [Aortic regurgitation PISA calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-pisa/) PISA radius · Aliasing velocity · AR Vmax - [Aortic regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-continuity/) LVOT diameter · LVOT VTI · Mitral annulus diameter - [Mitral regurgitation PISA calculator: EROA and regurgitant volume](https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-pisa/) PISA radius · Aliasing velocity magnitude · MR Vmax - [Mitral regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-continuity/) LVOT diameter · LVOT VTI · Mitral annulus diameter - [Tricuspid regurgitation calculator: PISA quantification](https://echosuite.app/guides/tr-pisa/) PISA radius · Aliasing velocity · TR Vmax - [Pulmonic regurgitation · continuity calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pulmonic-regurg/) RVOT diameter · RVOT VTI · LVOT diameter ### Filling pressures - [Left atrial pressure calculator: E/e′ method](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-ee/) Mitral E velocity · Septal e′ · Lateral e′ - [Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/) Systolic blood pressure · MR Vmax - [Left atrial volume index calculator: LAVI](https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/) Biplane LA volume · Body surface area · LAVi - [Left ventricular pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/) MR peak systolic velocity · Independent LAP estimate · Diastolic blood pressure - [Diastolic function assessment: sinus rhythm](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-sinus/) Mitral E/A ratio · Septal e′ · Lateral e′ - [Diastolic assessment in atrial fibrillation](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-af/) Mitral E velocity · Septal E/e′ · TR peak velocity - [Diastolic assessment in mitral annular calcification](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-mac/) Mitral E/A ratio · IVRT - [Diastolic assessment in mitral stenosis](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-ms/) IVRT · Mitral A peak velocity · IVRT / T(E−e′) - [Diastolic assessment in significant mitral regurgitation](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-mr/) IVRT · Pulmonary vein Ar duration · Mitral A duration - [Diastolic assessment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-hcm/) Average E/e′ · Pulmonary vein Ar − mitral A duration · TR peak velocity - [Diastolic assessment in restrictive cardiomyopathy](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-restrictive/) Average E/e′ · Mitral E deceleration time · Mitral E/A ratio - [Diastolic assessment in sinus tachycardia](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-tachycardia/) IVRT · Pulmonary vein systolic filling fraction · Average E/e′ - [Diastolic exercise echocardiography assessment](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-exercise/) Exercise average E/e′ · Exercise septal E/e′ · Exercise TR velocity - [Diastolic assessment in pulmonary hypertension](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-ph/) Mitral E/A ratio · Mitral E velocity · LA reservoir strain - [Diastolic assessment after heart transplant: sinus rhythm](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-transplant/) Average E/e′ · Mitral E / SRIVR · TR peak velocity - [Diastolic assessment with a left ventricular assist device](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-lvad/) Mitral E/A ratio · Right atrial pressure · PASP ### Ventricular function - [Left ventricular fractional shortening calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/fractional-shortening/) LVIDd · end-diastole · LVIDs · end-systole - [Left ventricular dimensions calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-linear/) LV internal diameter · Body surface area - [Left ventricular mass and wall thickness calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-mass/) LVIDd · PWd · IVSd - [Left ventricular volume index calculator: EDV and ESV](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-volume-index/) End-diastolic volume · End-systolic volume · Body surface area - [Left ventricular ejection fraction calculator: LVEF](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-ef/) End-diastolic volume · End-systolic volume · Body surface area - [Global longitudinal strain calculator: LV GLS and serial change](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-gls/) Current GLS · signed · Baseline GLS · signed - [LVOT stroke volume and cardiac output calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lvot-flow/) LVOT diameter · LVOT PW VTI · Heart rate at acquisition - [Aortic size and diameter index calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-size/) Measured diameter · Body surface area - [Wall motion score index calculator: WMSI](https://echosuite.app/guides/wmsi/) ### Right heart & PA - [Right atrial pressure assessment: IVC and hepatic vein flow](https://echosuite.app/guides/rap/) IVC diameter · End-expiratory maximum · Sniff minimum - [Right atrial size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/ra-size/) RA volume · Body surface area · RA major dimension - [Right ventricular size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-size-calc/) RVD1 · basal · RVD2 · mid · RVD3 · length - [Right ventricular function calculator: TAPSE, FAC and coupling](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-function-calc/) TAPSE · Lateral tricuspid S′ · End-diastolic area - [RVSP and PASP calculator: tricuspid regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/rvsp/) TR Vmax · Estimated RAP · Peak pulmonic (RVOT) gradient - [Pulmonary artery pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pa-pressure/) PR end-diastolic velocity · PR early-diastolic peak velocity · Mean RV–RA gradient - [Mean pulmonary artery pressure calculator: RVOT acceleration time](https://echosuite.app/guides/mpap-rvot/) RVOT acceleration time · Heart rate - [Pulmonary vascular resistance calculator: echo Doppler method](https://echosuite.app/guides/pvr/) TR Vmax · RVOT VTI - [RV myocardial performance index calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mpi/) Tricuspid closure-to-opening time · Isovolumic contraction time · Isovolumic relaxation time - [Body surface area calculator: height and weight](https://echosuite.app/guides/bsa/) Height · H · Weight · W ### Pericardium - [Pericardial effusion size measurement guide and calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/effusion-size/) Maximum end-diastolic separation - [Mitral inflow · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-respiratory/) Expiratory Eₑ · Inspiratory Eᵢ - [Tricuspid inflow · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/tricuspid-respiratory/) Expiratory Eₑ · Inspiratory Eᵢ - [LVOT · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lvot-respiratory/) Expiratory peak Vₑ · Inspiratory peak Vᵢ · Expiratory VTIₑ - [Hepatic vein · expiratory reversal calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/hepatic-expiratory-reversal/) Expiratory Dᵣ reversal · Expiratory D forward - [Annulus reversus · medial / lateral e′ calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/annulus-reversus/) Medial e′ · Lateral e′ ### Shunts & congenital - [Qp/Qs calculator: pulmonary to systemic flow ratio](https://echosuite.app/guides/qpqs/) RVOT maximal-systolic diameter at PW site · RVOT VTI · LVOT maximal-systolic diameter at PW site - [Atrial septal defect: shunt and Doppler calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/asd/) RVOT diameter at the PW sample · RVOT VTI · LVOT diameter at the PW sample - [VSD · size & right-heart pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/vsd-pressure/) Systolic blood pressure · Peak VSD velocity · Independent LVEDP - [PDA · shunt & PA pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pda-pressure/) Peak systolic PDA velocity · Systolic blood pressure · Complete-cycle mean gradient - [Coarctation · anatomy & gradients calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/coarctation/) Proximal peak velocity V₁ · Coarctation peak velocity V₂ · Traced systolic mean gradient - [Fontan · circulation & gradients calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/fontan-gradient/) Traced mean gradient ### Prosthetic valves - [Aortic prosthetic valve calculator: EOA, DVI and PPM](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis/) LVOT VTI · Prosthesis VTI · LVOT diameter - [Surgical aortic prosthesis · obstruction calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis-screen/) Peak velocity · Mean gradient · DVI · LVOT VTI ÷ prosthesis VTI - [Aortic prosthesis · serial comparison calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis-serial/) Baseline mean gradient · Current mean gradient · Baseline DVI - [Mitral prosthetic valve calculator: EOA, DVI and PPM](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-prosthesis/) LVOT VTI · Mitral prosthesis VTI · LVOT diameter - [Mitral prosthesis · obstruction calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-prosthesis-screen/) Peak velocity · Mean gradient · DVI · prosthesis VTI ÷ LVOT VTI ### Ultrasound physics - [Wave relationships calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/wave-relations/) Transmit frequency · Sound speed · Cycles per pulse - [Pulse repetition and Nyquist calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pulse-repetition/) Sample depth · Pulse repetition frequency · Pulse duration · PD - [Pulse length and near field calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pulse-geometry/) Transmit frequency · f · Sound speed · c · Cycles per pulse · n - [Doppler equation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/doppler-equation/) Shift magnitude · |Δf| · Blood speed · v · Transmit frequency · fₜ - [Acoustic impedance and intensity calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/acoustic/) Density · ρ · Sound speed · c · Medium 1 · Z₁ - [Poiseuille flow calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/poiseuille/) Tube radius · r · Tube length · L · Dynamic viscosity · η ## Practice the echo views [Explore the online echo simulator](https://echosuite.app/echo-simulator/). Probe Lab combines a 3D mannequin and probe, simulated imaging, clinical reference cines, view targets and acquisition coaching. - [Parasternal long axis](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/) - [Apical four chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) - [Subcostal four chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/subcostal-four-chamber/) - [Subcostal IVC long axis](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/inferior-vena-cava/) - [Abdominal aorta long axis](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/abdominal-aorta/) - [Suprasternal notch, aortic arch](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/suprasternal-aortic-arch/) - [Parasternal short axis, aortic valve level](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-aortic-valve/) - [Parasternal short axis, mitral valve level](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-mitral-valve/) - [Parasternal short axis, papillary muscle level](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-papillary-muscles/) - [Parasternal short axis, apical level](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-apex/) - [RV inflow](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-inflow/) - [RV outflow](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-outflow/) - [Apical five chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-five-chamber/) - [Apical two chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-two-chamber/) - [Apical three chamber (apical long axis)](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-three-chamber/) ## About EchoSuite [About the creator, sources and educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/). Created by Mohammed Kamareddine, MD. Teaching figures link to acquisition notes and their sources; third-party anatomy and clinical media retain their listed licences. [Contact and feedback](mailto:mohammed@echosuite.fyi) · [Instagram @mkamareddine](https://www.instagram.com/mkamareddine/) · [Tools & resources](https://echosuite.app/agents/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-stenosis/ # Aortic valve area calculator: continuity equation and stress echo Explore aortic valve area with the continuity equation, the required LVOT and aortic Doppler measurements, and the tool’s stress-echo options. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#aortic-stenosis) ## Method AVA = LVOT area × LVOT VTI ÷ AV VTI Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Measurement Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Resting continuity - Stress comparison - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### LVOT diameter cm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ### LVOT VTI cm Pulsed-wave Doppler - Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract. - Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI. ### Aortic valve VTI cm Continuous-wave Doppler trace - Use the same aligned CW recording as the peak velocity. - Trace the outer edge of the dense envelope for the relevant phase. - Use the machine-reported VTI in centimeters. ### Body surface area m² Record the units, date and measurement source - Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated. - Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight. - Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results. ### Peak AV velocity m/s Continuous-wave Doppler - Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet. - Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation. - Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope. ### Mean AV gradient mmHg Complete traced CW envelope - Align through the valve or shunt and record a complete envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope using the machine tool. - Use the machine-calculated mean gradient in mmHg. ### LVEF category Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Preserved · ≥50% - Reduced · <50% - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Rest · stroke volume mL Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Stress · stroke volume mL Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Rest · AVA cm² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Stress · AVA cm² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Rest · mean gradient mmHg Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Stress · mean gradient mmHg Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Rest · ejection time ms Enter the measured value in the displayed unit · Optional - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Stress · ejection time ms Enter the measured value in the displayed unit · Optional - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Stage acquisitions Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Matched & reliable - Not comparable - Uncertain - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and American Society of Echocardiography · 2017 · Recommendations on the Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focused Update · Continuity equation and acquisition pp. 4–11 · Table 3 p. 12 · discordant AS pp. 12–15 · integrated pathway and Figure 8 pp. 16–17 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017ValveStenosisGuideline.pdf) - Continuity equation & acquisition · Sections on peak velocity, mean gradient and AVA · PDF pp. 4–11 Multiwindow CW acquisition, LVOT diameter and PW sampling, continuity-derived AVA, indexed AVA, and velocity/VTI ratio. - Hemodynamic ranges · Table 3 · PDF p. 12 Peak velocity, mean gradient, AVA, indexed AVA, and velocity-ratio ranges and boundary conventions. - [Flow-aware discordance and stress comparison](https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20180018) · Discordant-AS sections pp. 12–15 · Figure 8 and integrated pathway pp. 16–17 Resting discordance pathway and DSE acquisition/reporting, PDF pp.13–14: same baseline LVOT diameter, stage SV/area/gradient comparison, >20% SV reserve and projected area at 250 mL/s. Projection equation and ≥15% Q-change condition: Ferreira et al., Arq Bras Cardiol 2018;110:132–139, Methods/Discussion, doi:10.5935/abc.20180018. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Parasternal long axis acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#plax) - [Apical five chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-five-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a5c) - [Apical three chamber (apical long axis) acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-three-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a3c) - [Mitral valve area calculator: pressure half-time](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pht/) - [Mitral valve area calculator: continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-continuity/) - [Mitral stenosis · PISA valve area calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pisa/) - [Tricuspid stenosis · significance calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/tricuspid-stenosis/) - [Aortic stenosis: from echo views to the continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/learn/aortic-stenosis-continuity/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pht/ # Mitral valve area calculator: pressure half-time Find the pressure half-time method for mitral valve area, with measurement acquisition guidance and source context. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#mitral-pht) ## Method MVA = 220 ÷ PHT Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Mitral pressure half-time ms CW Doppler deceleration slope - Record a complete inflow or regurgitant CW envelope. - Trace the deceleration slope using the machine PHT tool. - Average representative beats and use additional beats in atrial fibrillation. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2023 · Recommendations for the Use of Echocardiography in the Evaluation of Rheumatic Heart Disease · MS multiparametric approach pp. 5–7 · Table 1 and PHT method p. 6 · Figure 3 p. 7 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/PIIS0894731722005211.pdf) - Equation & acquisition · PHT method and Figure 8 · PDF pp. 6–8 MVA = 220/PHT, good-quality transmitral Doppler requirements, linear versus bimodal deceleration-slope tracing, and rhythm averaging. - Current severity ranges · Table 1 · PDF p. 6 MVA, PHT, mean gradient at heart rate 60–80 bpm, and systolic PA-pressure ranges for progressive and severe rheumatic MS. - Limitations & integration · MS hemodynamic discussion · PDF pp. 5–7 Effects of compliance, LV diastolic pressure, AR, MR, LA fibrosis, subvalvular disease and recent PBMV, plus the requirement for multiparametric grading. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Aortic valve area calculator: continuity equation and stress echo](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-stenosis/) - [Mitral valve area calculator: continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-continuity/) - [Mitral stenosis · PISA valve area calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pisa/) - [Tricuspid stenosis · significance calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/tricuspid-stenosis/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-continuity/ # Mitral valve area calculator: continuity equation Review the flow and mitral inflow measurements used by the continuity-equation tool for mitral valve area. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#mitral-continuity) ## Method MVA = LVOT area × LVOT VTI ÷ MV VTI Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### LVOT diameter cm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ### LVOT VTI cm Pulsed-wave Doppler - Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract. - Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI. ### Mitral inflow VTI cm Continuous-wave Doppler trace - Use the same aligned CW recording as the peak velocity. - Trace the outer edge of the dense envelope for the relevant phase. - Use the machine-reported VTI in centimeters. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2023 · Recommendations for the Use of Echocardiography in the Evaluation of Rheumatic Heart Disease · Continuity equation and exclusions p. 6 · alternative methods and recommendation p. 7 · Table 1 p. 6 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/PIIS0894731722005211.pdf) - Equation & paired acquisition · Continuity method · PDF p. 6 MVA from LVOT cross-sectional area times LVOT VTI divided by mitral VTI, with RVOT/pulmonic substitution when isolated AR is present. - Method limitations · Continuity method · PDF pp. 6–7 Compounded measurement error, limited validation, infrequent use, and invalidity with important MR or AR when an appropriate competent reference is not used. - Severity & clinical role · Table 1 p. 6 · alternative-method recommendation p. 7 Current MVA grades and use only as a corroborating method when planimetry, PHT, and mean gradient are inconclusive. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Parasternal long axis acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#plax) - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Apical five chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-five-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a5c) - [Aortic valve area calculator: continuity equation and stress echo](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-stenosis/) - [Mitral valve area calculator: pressure half-time](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pht/) - [Mitral stenosis · PISA valve area calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pisa/) - [Tricuspid stenosis · significance calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/tricuspid-stenosis/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pisa/ # Mitral stenosis · PISA valve area calculator Explore mitral stenosis · pisa valve area with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#mitral-pisa) ## Method MVA = (2πr²Vₐ ÷ Vmax) × θ/180 Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### PISA radius cm Color Doppler · peak-flow frame - Zoom on the valve and center the flow-convergence region. - Shift the color baseline until the shell is as hemispheric as possible. - Measure from the regurgitant orifice to the first aliasing boundary along the jet centerline. ### Aliasing velocity cm/s Shifted color scale · absolute cm/s - Use the same color-Doppler frame used for the radius. - Read the Nyquist limit after baseline shift, not the jet velocity. - Enter the absolute displayed value in cm/s. ### Peak mitral velocity m/s Continuous-wave Doppler - Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet. - Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation. - Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope. ### Funnel angle θ degrees Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2023 · Recommendations for the Use of Echocardiography in the Evaluation of Rheumatic Heart Disease · PISA method and angle correction pp. 6–7 · Table 1 p. 6 · alternative-method recommendation p. 7 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/PIIS0894731722005211.pdf) - Equation & angle correction · PISA method · PDF pp. 6–7 Flow-convergence method, transmitral peak velocity, and angle correction for the nonhemispheric convergence of the funnel-shaped rheumatic valve. - Method limitations · PISA method · PDF p. 7 Technical complexity, multiple measurements, geometric assumptions, and lack of recommendation for routine use. - Severity & clinical role · Table 1 p. 6 · alternative-method recommendation p. 7 Current MVA grades and use only as a corroborating method when planimetry, PHT, and mean gradient are inconclusive. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Aortic valve area calculator: continuity equation and stress echo](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-stenosis/) - [Mitral valve area calculator: pressure half-time](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pht/) - [Mitral valve area calculator: continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-continuity/) - [Tricuspid stenosis · significance calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/tricuspid-stenosis/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/tricuspid-stenosis/ # Tricuspid stenosis · significance calculator Explore tricuspid stenosis · significance with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#tricuspid-stenosis) ## Method TS reference findings: mean ≥5, PHT ≥190, VTI ≥60, area ≤1 Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Mean tricuspid gradient mmHg Complete traced CW envelope - Align through the valve or shunt and record a complete envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope using the machine tool. - Use the machine-calculated mean gradient in mmHg. ### Pressure half-time ms CW Doppler deceleration slope - Record a complete inflow or regurgitant CW envelope. - Trace the deceleration slope using the machine PHT tool. - Average representative beats and use additional beats in atrial fibrillation. ### Tricuspid inflow VTI cm Pulsed-wave Doppler - Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract. - Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI. ### Valve area cm² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2023 · Recommendations for the Use of Echocardiography in the Evaluation of Rheumatic Heart Disease · Rheumatic TS anatomy and hemodynamics pp. 13–14 · key points and recommendations p. 14 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/PIIS0894731722005211.pdf) - PHT area estimate · EAE/ASE valve stenosis 2009 · JASE p. 19 · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.029 The historical 190/PHT estimate is displayed independently without grading or replacing entered valve area. Right-heart compliance, relaxation, respiration and TR limit this method; the guideline notes less validation than for mitral PHT. - Acquisition · TS hemodynamic section · PDF p. 14 CW alignment, respiratory and heart-rate effects, and averaging at least five beats. - Significant-range findings · TS hemodynamic section and key points · PDF p. 14 Mean gradient at least 5 mmHg, inflow VTI at least 60 cm, PHT at least 190 ms, and valve area at most 1.0 cm². - Integration & limitations · TS key points and recommendations · PDF p. 14 Multiparametric severity assessment, right-atrial and pulmonary-pressure context, associated valve disease, and reduced reliability of PHT-derived area. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Aortic valve area calculator: continuity equation and stress echo](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-stenosis/) - [Mitral valve area calculator: pressure half-time](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pht/) - [Mitral valve area calculator: continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-continuity/) - [Mitral stenosis · PISA valve area calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pisa/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/pulmonic-stenosis/ # Pulmonic stenosis · peak gradient calculator Explore pulmonic stenosis · peak gradient with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#pulmonic-stenosis) ## Method Peak ΔP = 4Vmax² Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Peak pulmonic velocity m/s Continuous-wave Doppler - Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet. - Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation. - Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope. ## Sources and method context European Association of Echocardiography and American Society of Echocardiography · 2009 · Echocardiographic Assessment of Valve Stenosis: EAE/ASE Recommendations for Clinical Practice · §V.B.1.1 · pp. 19–20; Table 11 · p. 20 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2009_Echo-Assessment-of-Valve-Stenosis_note_added.pdf) - Peak-gradient severity bands · Table 11 · p. 20 Mild, moderate and severe valvular pulmonic stenosis bands are peak velocity <3, 3–4 and >4 m/s, respectively, with corresponding peak gradients <36, 36–64 and >64 mmHg. - Acquisition · §V.B.1.1 · pressure-gradient acquisition, pp. 19–20 Peak gradient from the simplified Bernoulli equation applied to the highest well-aligned continuous-wave velocity across the pulmonic valve; interrogate multiple windows and exclude subvalvular or supravalvular obstruction before attributing the gradient to the valve. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Aortic valve area calculator: continuity equation and stress echo](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-stenosis/) - [Mitral valve area calculator: pressure half-time](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pht/) - [Mitral valve area calculator: continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-continuity/) - [Mitral stenosis · PISA valve area calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pisa/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-pisa/ # Aortic regurgitation PISA calculator Review the PISA inputs and Doppler acquisition guidance used to quantify aortic regurgitation. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#ar-pisa) ## Method EROA = 2πr²Vₐ ÷ Vmax; RVol = EROA × VTI Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### PISA radius cm Color Doppler · peak-flow frame - Zoom on the valve and center the flow-convergence region. - Shift the color baseline until the shell is as hemispheric as possible. - Measure from the regurgitant orifice to the first aliasing boundary along the jet centerline. ### Aliasing velocity cm/s Shifted color scale · absolute cm/s - Use the same color-Doppler frame used for the radius. - Read the Nyquist limit after baseline shift, not the jet velocity. - Enter the absolute displayed value in cm/s. ### AR Vmax m/s Continuous-wave Doppler - Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet. - Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation. - Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope. ### AR VTI cm Continuous-wave Doppler trace - Use the same aligned CW recording as the peak velocity. - Trace the outer edge of the dense envelope for the relevant phase. - Use the machine-reported VTI in centimeters. ### LVOT stroke volume mL Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2017 · Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation · AR PISA and flow-convergence method pp. 34–39 · Table 10 pp. 35–37 · Table 11 p. 38 · Figure 21 p. 39 · integrative pathway pp. 41–42 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017VavularRegurgitationGuideline.pdf) - Equation, phase & acquisition · AR section p. 34 · Table 10 pp. 35–37 · Figure 21 p. 39 Early-diastolic radius and peak AR velocity pairing, baseline shift, CW peak/VTI acquisition, and the EROA and regurgitant-volume equations. - Quantitative grades · Table 11 · PDF p. 38 Four quantitative EROA, regurgitant-volume, and regurgitant-fraction bands, including the two moderate subgrades. - Limitations & severity integration · AR section pp. 34–37 · integrative approach pp. 41–42 Far-field and calcification limitations, nonhemispheric or multiple-jet limitations, and integration with anatomy, vena contracta, aortic flow reversal, LV remodeling, hemodynamics, and data quality. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Parasternal long axis acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#plax) - [Apical five chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-five-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a5c) - [Apical three chamber (apical long axis) acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-three-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a3c) - [Aortic regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-continuity/) - [Mitral regurgitation PISA calculator: EROA and regurgitant volume](https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-pisa/) - [Mitral regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-continuity/) - [Tricuspid regurgitation calculator: PISA quantification](https://echosuite.app/guides/tr-pisa/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-continuity/ # Aortic regurgitation calculator: continuity method Explore the continuity method for aortic regurgitation, with explicit measurement units and the tool’s source context. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#ar-continuity) ## Method RVol = LVOT SV − mitral SV Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### LVOT diameter cm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ### LVOT VTI cm Pulsed-wave Doppler - Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract. - Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI. ### Mitral annulus diameter cm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ### Mitral annulus VTI cm Pulsed-wave Doppler - Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract. - Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI. ### AR jet VTI cm Continuous-wave Doppler trace - Use the same aligned CW recording as the peak velocity. - Trace the outer edge of the dense envelope for the relevant phase. - Use the machine-reported VTI in centimeters. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2017 · Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation · Quantitative flow method pp. 7–8 · AR Table 10 pp. 35–37 · Table 11 p. 38 · integrative pathway pp. 41–42 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017VavularRegurgitationGuideline.pdf) - Flow calculation · Quantitative pulsed-Doppler method pp. 7–8 · AR Table 10 p. 37 Aortic regurgitant volume as LVOT stroke volume minus competent reference stroke volume, with EROA from regurgitant volume divided by AR VTI. - Acquisition & exclusions · Table 10 · PDF p. 37 LVOT diameter and PW sampling, mitral annulus measurement in mid-diastole with diastolic annular PW Doppler, measurement-error sensitivity, and invalidity with combined important MR unless a pulmonic reference is used. - Quantitative grades & integration · Table 11 p. 38 · integrative approach pp. 41–42 Four quantitative AR bands and the requirement to reconcile quantitative results with the complete anatomic, color, Doppler, and LV response assessment. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Parasternal long axis acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#plax) - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Apical two chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-two-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a2c) - [Apical five chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-five-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a5c) - [Aortic regurgitation PISA calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-pisa/) - [Mitral regurgitation PISA calculator: EROA and regurgitant volume](https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-pisa/) - [Mitral regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-continuity/) - [Tricuspid regurgitation calculator: PISA quantification](https://echosuite.app/guides/tr-pisa/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-pisa/ # Mitral regurgitation PISA calculator: EROA and regurgitant volume Connect PISA radius, aliasing velocity and the MR Doppler signal to effective regurgitant orifice area and regurgitant volume. The tool retains its acquisition limits and integrated-assessment context. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#mr-pisa) ## Method EROA = 2πr²Vₐ ÷ Vmax; RVol = EROA × VTI Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### PISA radius cm Color Doppler · peak-flow frame - Zoom on the valve and center the flow-convergence region. - Shift the color baseline until the shell is as hemispheric as possible. - Measure from the regurgitant orifice to the first aliasing boundary along the jet centerline. ### Aliasing velocity magnitude cm/s Shifted color scale · absolute cm/s - Use the same color-Doppler frame used for the radius. - Read the Nyquist limit after baseline shift, not the jet velocity. - Enter the absolute displayed value in cm/s. ### MR Vmax m/s Continuous-wave Doppler - Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet. - Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation. - Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope. ### MR VTI cm Continuous-wave Doppler trace - Use the same aligned CW recording as the peak velocity. - Trace the outer edge of the dense envelope for the relevant phase. - Use the machine-reported VTI in centimeters. ### Total LV stroke volume mL Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2017 · Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation · PISA method pp. 9–10 · Figure 5; MR Table 7 pp. 22–24; Table 8 and Figure 18 pp. 29–30 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017VavularRegurgitationGuideline.pdf) - Equation & timing · Pages 9–10 · Figure 5 Hemispheric PISA flow, EROA and regurgitant-volume equations; pair radius with aliasing velocity and peak jet velocity at the same regurgitant time point. - Acquisition & limitations · Pages 22–24 · Table 7 Beam alignment, zoom, variance off, baseline shift, radius placement, and limitations of eccentric, constrained, multiple or noncircular jets. - Severity integration · Pages 29–30 · Table 8 and Figure 18 Four quantitative MR grades and the requirement to integrate anatomy, vena contracta, pulmonary-vein flow, chamber response and data quality. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Apical two chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-two-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a2c) - [Apical three chamber (apical long axis) acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-three-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a3c) - [Aortic regurgitation PISA calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-pisa/) - [Aortic regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-continuity/) - [Mitral regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-continuity/) - [Tricuspid regurgitation calculator: PISA quantification](https://echosuite.app/guides/tr-pisa/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-continuity/ # Mitral regurgitation calculator: continuity method Explore the continuity method for mitral regurgitation, with the tool’s volume measurements, formula and method qualifications. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#mr-continuity) ## Method RVol = mitral SV − LVOT SV Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### LVOT diameter cm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ### LVOT VTI cm Pulsed-wave Doppler - Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract. - Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI. ### Mitral annulus diameter cm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ### Mitral annulus VTI cm Pulsed-wave Doppler - Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract. - Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI. ### MR jet VTI cm Continuous-wave Doppler trace - Use the same aligned CW recording as the peak velocity. - Trace the outer edge of the dense envelope for the relevant phase. - Use the machine-reported VTI in centimeters. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2017 · Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation · Quantitative flow pp. 7–8; MR Table 7 pp. 22–25; Table 8 and Figure 18 pp. 29–30 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017VavularRegurgitationGuideline.pdf) - Flow calculation · Pages 7–8 · quantitative pulsed-Doppler method Stroke volume equals cross-sectional area multiplied by VTI; regurgitant volume is the difference between flow through the regurgitant valve and a competent reference site. - MR application & pitfalls · Pages 22–25 · Table 7 Mitral and LVOT sampling requirements, accumulated measurement error, and exclusions when another important regurgitant lesion is present. - Severity integration · Pages 29–30 · Table 8 and Figure 18 EROA, regurgitant volume and regurgitant fraction bands plus the integrative MR grading framework. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Apical two chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-two-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a2c) - [Apical five chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-five-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a5c) - [Aortic regurgitation PISA calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-pisa/) - [Aortic regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-continuity/) - [Mitral regurgitation PISA calculator: EROA and regurgitant volume](https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-pisa/) - [Tricuspid regurgitation calculator: PISA quantification](https://echosuite.app/guides/tr-pisa/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/tr-pisa/ # Tricuspid regurgitation calculator: PISA quantification Find the measurements, acquisition guidance and sources behind EchoSuite’s tricuspid regurgitation quantification tool. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#tr-pisa) ## Method EROA = 2πr²Vₐ ÷ Vmax; RVol = EROA × VTI Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Measurement Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - PISA - Vena contracta - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### PISA radius cm Color Doppler · peak-flow frame - Zoom on the valve and center the flow-convergence region. - Shift the color baseline until the shell is as hemispheric as possible. - Measure from the regurgitant orifice to the first aliasing boundary along the jet centerline. ### Aliasing velocity cm/s Shifted color scale · absolute cm/s - Use the same color-Doppler frame used for the radius. - Read the Nyquist limit after baseline shift, not the jet velocity. - Enter the absolute displayed value in cm/s. ### TR Vmax m/s Continuous-wave Doppler - Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet. - Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation. - Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope. ### TR VTI cm Continuous-wave Doppler trace - Use the same aligned CW recording as the peak velocity. - Trace the outer edge of the dense envelope for the relevant phase. - Use the machine-reported VTI in centimeters. ### Vena-contracta width cm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Single jet, neck well resolved Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Yes - Limited / multiple jets - Not assessed - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2017 · Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation · TR Table 13 pp. 46–47 · Table 14 p. 48 · Figures 30–31 pp. 49–50 · TR quantitation pp. 48–51 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017VavularRegurgitationGuideline.pdf) - PISA acquisition & limitations · Table 13 pp. 46–47 · TR quantitation pp. 48–50 Baseline shift, hemispheric-shell optimization, aligned TR CW peak/VTI, and limitations from low right-sided pressure, noncircular, eccentric, constrained, or multiple jets. - Quantitative ranges · Table 14 p. 48 · Figure 31 p. 50 EROA and regurgitant-volume ranges; Table 14 VC widths <0.3, 0.3–0.69 and ≥0.7 cm. This tool explicitly follows the table's ≥0.7 endpoint; narrative/flowchart wording uses >0.7. Severe PISA radius and other findings support integration. - Integrative interpretation · Figure 31 p. 50 · integrative discussion p. 51 Lower validation than MR or AR, no validated four-grade subdivision, and indeterminate classification when image quality, quantitative findings, or clinical data are discordant. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [RV inflow acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-inflow/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#rvInflow) - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Subcostal four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/subcostal-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#subcostal4c) - [Aortic regurgitation PISA calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-pisa/) - [Aortic regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-continuity/) - [Mitral regurgitation PISA calculator: EROA and regurgitant volume](https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-pisa/) - [Mitral regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-continuity/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/pulmonic-regurg/ # Pulmonic regurgitation · continuity calculator Explore pulmonic regurgitation · continuity with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#pulmonic-regurg) ## Method RVol = RVOT SV − LVOT SV; RF = RVol ÷ RVOT SV Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### RVOT diameter cm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ### RVOT VTI cm Pulsed-wave Doppler - Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract. - Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI. ### LVOT diameter cm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ### LVOT VTI cm Pulsed-wave Doppler - Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract. - Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI. ### PR pressure half-time ms CW Doppler deceleration slope · Optional - Record a complete inflow or regurgitant CW envelope. - Trace the deceleration slope using the machine PHT tool. - Average representative beats and use additional beats in atrial fibrillation. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2017 · Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation · PR acquisition and quantitation pp. 52–55 · Table 15 pp. 52–53 · Table 16 p. 56 · Figure 35 p. 57 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017VavularRegurgitationGuideline.pdf) - Continuity calculation & acquisition · PR section pp. 52–55 · Table 15 pp. 52–53 RVOT stroke-volume acquisition, subtraction of competent reference flow, regurgitant-fraction calculation, and limitations from diameter, VTI, rhythm, shunts, and additional regurgitant lesions. - Quantitative and severe-supportive findings · Table 16 · PDF p. 56 Regurgitant-fraction ranges, jet-width ratio, branch pulmonary-artery flow reversal, and pressure half-time shorter than 100 ms as a severe-supportive finding. - Integration & limitations · Table 16 p. 56 · Figure 35 and integrative pathway p. 57 Limited echocardiographic validation of quantitative PR, load dependence of pressure half-time, RV remodeling, and indeterminate classification when findings or data quality are discordant. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Aortic regurgitation PISA calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-pisa/) - [Aortic regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-continuity/) - [Mitral regurgitation PISA calculator: EROA and regurgitant volume](https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-pisa/) - [Mitral regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-continuity/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-ee/ # Left atrial pressure calculator: E/e′ method Review the E/e′ pressure-estimation method and its mitral inflow and tissue-Doppler measurement guidance. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lap-ee) ## Method Average E/e′ = E ÷ [(septal e′ + lateral e′)/2]; historical PCWP regression uses lateral E/e′ Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Mitral E velocity cm/s PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips - Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips. - Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave. - Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope. ### Septal e′ cm/s PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus - Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus. - Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion. - Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats. ### Lateral e′ cm/s PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus - Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus. - Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion. - Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis · Table 3 · PDF p. 5; Figure 3 · PDF p. 18 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf) - Acquisition & average E/e′ · Table 3 · PDF p. 5 Tissue sample position and size, full spectral display, and E divided by average septal/lateral e′. - Guided resting LAP reading · Figure 3 and adjacent text · PDF p. 18 General sinus-rhythm scope, PASP preference when RAP is available, pressure branches and grades. - Historical regression is separate · Nagueh et al. JACC 1997;30:1527–1533 · PMID 9362412 The PCWP regression uses lateral annular e′ and does not directly measure pressure. The legacy E/e′ + 4 estimate remains separately labelled. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/) - [Left atrial volume index calculator: LAVI](https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/) - [Left ventricular pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/) - [Diastolic function assessment: sinus rhythm](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-sinus/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/ # Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity Explore the MR-velocity pressure estimate, its two inputs and the acquisition requirements shown with the calculation. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lap-mr) ## Method LAP = SBP − 4(MR Vmax)² Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Systolic blood pressure mmHg Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value - Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo. - Confirm the value is entered in mmHg. - Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions. ### MR Vmax m/s Continuous-wave Doppler - Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet. - Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation. - Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope. ## Sources and method context Gorcsan, Snow, Paulsen & Nixon · American Heart Journal · 1991 · Noninvasive estimation of left atrial pressure in patients with congestive heart failure and mitral regurgitation by Doppler echocardiography · Am Heart J 121:858–863 · PMID 2000753 [Primary reference](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2000753/) - Equation and selected-patient validation · Gorcsan et al. 1991 · abstract and pp. 858–863 Peak brachial SBP minus 4 × peak MR velocity squared; distinct envelopes in 35 of 46 patients, compared with simultaneous mean wedge pressure. This is an estimate, not a grading threshold. - Gradient foundation · Nishimura & Tajik · JACC 1988;11:317–321 · PMID 3339169 Simultaneous dual-catheter and Doppler validation of left-sided regurgitant pressure gradients. - MR signal interpretation · ASE 2017 native regurgitation · journal p. 330 · Continuous Wave Doppler MR velocity reflects the LV–LA pressure difference; peak velocity alone does not quantify regurgitant severity. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Apical two chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-two-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a2c) - [Apical three chamber (apical long axis) acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-three-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a3c) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: E/e′ method](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-ee/) - [Left atrial volume index calculator: LAVI](https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/) - [Left ventricular pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/) - [Diastolic function assessment: sinus rhythm](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-sinus/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/ # Left atrial volume index calculator: LAVI Review left atrial volume and indexing inputs, with acquisition guidance and independently browsable reference context in the interactive tool. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#la-size) ## Method LAVi = biplane LA volume ÷ BSA Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Biplane LA volume mL Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Body surface area m² Record the units, date and measurement source - Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated. - Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight. - Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results. ### LAVi mL/m² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography / EACVI · 2015 · Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults · LA volume: chamber-quantification recommendations and Supplemental Table 3. Technique: ASE 2019 pp. 30–32. Diastolic context: ASE 2025 update. [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2015_ChamberQuantificationREV.pdf) - LA volume technique · ASE 2019 · p. 32 · V.C.2 Trace at maximum end-systolic volume; exclude appendage and pulmonary veins; disk summation preferred; index biplane volume to BSA. - LAVi abnormal threshold · ASE 2025 diastolic-function update · LA volume as a structural/supplemental marker LAVi >34 mL/m² remains the ASE abnormal threshold. The 2025 update did not replace the chamber-quantification mild–moderate–severe rows (16–34 / 35–41 / 42–48 / >48). - LA remodeling context · ASE 2025 diastolic-function update · LA volume and special-population discussion LAVi is a cumulative remodeling marker, not an instantaneous manometer. Rhythm, mitral valve disease, high-output states, and athletic remodeling can enlarge the chamber. Catalogue review status: Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Apical two chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-two-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a2c) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: E/e′ method](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-ee/) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/) - [Left ventricular pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/) - [Diastolic function assessment: sinus rhythm](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-sinus/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/ # Left ventricular pressure calculator Explore the available left ventricular pressure methods and check each method’s measurements, units and acquisition conditions. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lv-pressure) ## Method LVSP = 4(MR Vmax)² + LAP; LVEDP = DBP − 4(AR EDV)² Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Pressure to estimate Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - LV systolic · MR - LV end-diastolic · AR - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### MR peak systolic velocity m/s Continuous-wave Doppler - Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet. - Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation. - Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope. ### Independent LAP estimate mmHg Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value - Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo. - Confirm the value is entered in mmHg. - Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions. ### Diastolic blood pressure mmHg Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value - Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo. - Confirm the value is entered in mmHg. - Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions. ### AR end-diastolic velocity m/s Continuous-wave Doppler - Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet. - Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation. - Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope. ## Sources and method context Nishimura & Tajik · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 1988 · Determination of left-sided pressure gradients by utilizing Doppler aortic and mitral regurgitant signals: validation by simultaneous dual catheter and Doppler studies · JACC 11:317–321 · PMID 3339169 [Primary reference](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3339169/) - MR and AR pressure gradients · Nishimura & Tajik 1988 · simultaneous Doppler and dual-catheter study Validation of regurgitant left-sided pressure gradients. A gradient requires an independent reference to estimate an absolute pressure; mean LAP is not an instantaneous systolic LA waveform. - AR-derived LVEDP · Grayburn et al. JACC 1987;10:135–141 · PMID 3298358 · doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(87)80171-7 LVEDP estimated as cuff DBP minus 4 × AR end-diastolic velocity squared. High-quality spectra in 31 of 45 patients; signal dropout limits applicability. No pressure grading threshold is supplied here. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Apical five chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-five-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a5c) - [Apical three chamber (apical long axis) acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-three-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a3c) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: E/e′ method](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-ee/) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/) - [Left atrial volume index calculator: LAVI](https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/) - [Diastolic function assessment: sinus rhythm](https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-sinus/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-sinus/ # Diastolic function assessment: sinus rhythm Start with the measurements available and explore EchoSuite’s general sinus-rhythm diastolic pathway. The interactive tool keeps incomplete measurements visible and asks the next relevant question. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-sinus) ## Method 2025 ASE Figure 3 · relaxation → LAP markers → supplemental markers → grade Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Mitral E/A ratio PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips - Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips. - Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave. - Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope. ### Septal e′ cm/s PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus - Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus. - Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion. - Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats. ### Lateral e′ cm/s PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus - Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus. - Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion. - Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats. ### Average E/e′ PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus - Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus. - Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion. - Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats. ### TR peak velocity m/s CW Doppler through the TR jet - Search RV inflow, apical four-chamber, and subcostal windows; use the highest well-aligned signal. - Trace the dense primary edge (‘chin’), not faint overgained noise, and reject truncated triangular envelopes when estimating pressure. - Average three representative beats; in atrial fibrillation average 5–10 beats and exclude post-pause or post-ectopic velocities. ### PASP mmHg Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value - Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo. - Confirm the value is entered in mmHg. - Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions. ### LA reservoir strain % Enter the measured value in the displayed unit · Optional - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Pulmonary vein S/D Pulsed-wave Doppler · Optional - Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract. - Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI. ### LA volume index mL/m² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit · Optional - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### IVRT ms Spectral Doppler timing · Optional - Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries. - Measure from the specified onset to offset. - Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis · Clinical scope p. 2 · Table 6 p. 16 · Figure 3 p. 17 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf) - Primary and supplemental pathway · Figure 3 · PDF p. 17 Reduced e′, E/e′, TR velocity or PASP, supplemental markers, LAP assignment, and grades 1–3. - Age-adjusted relaxation · Table 6 · PDF p. 16 Age-adjusted lower limits for septal, lateral, and average mitral annular e′. - Applicability and exclusions · Clinical considerations p. 2 · Figure 3 caption p. 17 Adult ambulatory or acute-care scope; exclusions for special populations and mitral interventions. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: E/e′ method](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-ee/) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/) - [Left atrial volume index calculator: LAVI](https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/) - [Left ventricular pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-af/ # Diastolic assessment in atrial fibrillation Explore the atrial-fibrillation filling-pressure pathway, its primary and secondary measurements, and rhythm-specific source context. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-af) ## Method 2025 ASE Figure 8 · 4 primary markers; if exactly 2, apply 3 secondary markers Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Mitral E velocity cm/s PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips - Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips. - Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave. - Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope. ### Septal E/e′ PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus - Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus. - Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion. - Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats. ### TR peak velocity m/s CW Doppler through the TR jet - Search RV inflow, apical four-chamber, and subcostal windows; use the highest well-aligned signal. - Trace the dense primary edge (‘chin’), not faint overgained noise, and reject truncated triangular envelopes when estimating pressure. - Average three representative beats; in atrial fibrillation average 5–10 beats and exclude post-pause or post-ectopic velocities. ### PASP mmHg Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value - Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo. - Confirm the value is entered in mmHg. - Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions. ### Mitral E deceleration time ms Spectral Doppler timing - Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries. - Measure from the specified onset to offset. - Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling. ### LA reservoir strain % Enter the measured value in the displayed unit · Optional - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Pulmonary vein S/D Pulsed-wave Doppler · Optional - Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract. - Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI. ### Body mass index kg/m² Record the units, date and measurement source · Optional - Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated. - Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight. - Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis · Table 7 p. 20 · Figure 8 p. 27 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf) - AF decision pathway · Figure 8 · PDF p. 27 Four primary markers and the LARS, pulmonary-vein S/D, and BMI secondary branch. - AF measurement context · Table 7 · PDF p. 20 AF-specific filling-pressure variables and rhythm-aware interpretation. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: E/e′ method](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-ee/) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/) - [Left atrial volume index calculator: LAVI](https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/) - [Left ventricular pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-mac/ # Diastolic assessment in mitral annular calcification Find the dedicated diastolic assessment pathway for moderate or severe mitral annular calcification (MAC), with its own inputs and method context. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-mac) ## Method 2025 ASE Figure 4 · E/A <0.8 normal; >1.8 elevated; 0.8–1.8 uses IVRT Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Mitral E/A ratio PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips - Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips. - Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave. - Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope. ### IVRT ms Spectral Doppler timing - Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries. - Measure from the specified onset to offset. - Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis · Table 7 p. 20 · Figure 4 p. 22 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf) - MAC pathway · Figure 4 · PDF p. 22 E/A outer branches and IVRT resolution of the intermediate E/A range. - MAC thresholds · Table 7 · PDF p. 20 E/A and IVRT thresholds for moderate or severe mitral annular calcification. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: E/e′ method](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-ee/) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/) - [Left atrial volume index calculator: LAVI](https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/) - [Left ventricular pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-ms/ # Diastolic assessment in mitral stenosis Explore the dedicated filling-pressure pathway for mitral stenosis and review its acquisition guidance and sources. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-ms) ## Method 2025 ASE Table 7 · IVRT, mitral A velocity and IVRT/T(E−e′) Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### IVRT ms Spectral Doppler timing - Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries. - Measure from the specified onset to offset. - Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling. ### Mitral A peak velocity m/s PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips - Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips. - Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave. - Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope. ### IVRT / T(E−e′) Spectral Doppler timing - Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries. - Measure from the specified onset to offset. - Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis · Table 7 p. 20 · mitral-stenosis section pp. 19–20 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf) - MS-specific indicators · Table 7 · PDF p. 20 IVRT, mitral A velocity, and IVRT/T(E−e′) thresholds. - General-pathway exclusion · Section 15A(a) · PDF pp. 19–20 Mitral stenosis requires a dedicated approach rather than the general E/e′ pathway. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: E/e′ method](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-ee/) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/) - [Left atrial volume index calculator: LAVI](https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/) - [Left ventricular pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-mr/ # Diastolic assessment in significant mitral regurgitation Find the filling-pressure pathway for significant mitral regurgitation, with the measurements and qualifications specific to that method. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-mr) ## Method 2025 ASE Table 7 · MR-specific filling-pressure indicators Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### LVEF Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Depressed - Preserved - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### IVRT ms Spectral Doppler timing · Optional - Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries. - Measure from the specified onset to offset. - Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling. ### Pulmonary vein Ar duration ms Spectral Doppler timing · Optional - Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries. - Measure from the specified onset to offset. - Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling. ### Mitral A duration ms Spectral Doppler timing · Optional - Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries. - Measure from the specified onset to offset. - Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling. ### R peak → E onset ms Spectral Doppler timing · Optional - Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries. - Measure from the specified onset to offset. - Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling. ### R peak → e′ onset ms Spectral Doppler timing · Optional - Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries. - Measure from the specified onset to offset. - Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling. ### Mitral E cm/s PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips · Optional - Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips. - Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave. - Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope. ### Septal e′ cm/s PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus · Optional - Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus. - Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion. - Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats. ### Lateral e′ cm/s PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus · Optional - Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus. - Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion. - Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis · Table 3 acquisition · Table 7 PDF p. 21 · MR section PDF p. 22 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf) - Timing acquisition · Table 3 · PDF pp. 5, 7, 9 Same-beat CW IVRT, baseline Ar/A durations and matched ECG R-peak-to-onset E/e′ intervals. - MR-specific indicators · Table 7 · PDF p. 21 IVRT, Ar−A duration, IVRT/T(E−e′), and restricted use of E/e′ when LVEF is depressed. - MR limitations · Section 15A(b) · PDF p. 22 Effects of important MR on mitral and pulmonary-vein signals and the need for integrative interpretation. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: E/e′ method](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-ee/) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/) - [Left atrial volume index calculator: LAVI](https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/) - [Left ventricular pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-hcm/ # Diastolic assessment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Explore the hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy diastolic pathway and its measurement and source context. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-hcm) ## Method 2025 ASE Table 7 · integrate E/e′, Ar−A, TR velocity and LAVi Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Average E/e′ PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus - Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus. - Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion. - Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats. ### Pulmonary vein Ar − mitral A duration ms Spectral Doppler timing - Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries. - Measure from the specified onset to offset. - Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling. ### TR peak velocity m/s CW Doppler through the TR jet - Search RV inflow, apical four-chamber, and subcostal windows; use the highest well-aligned signal. - Trace the dense primary edge (‘chin’), not faint overgained noise, and reject truncated triangular envelopes when estimating pressure. - Average three representative beats; in atrial fibrillation average 5–10 beats and exclude post-pause or post-ectopic velocities. ### LA volume index mL/m² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis · Table 7 p. 20 · HCM section p. 25 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf) - HCM indicators · Table 7 · PDF p. 20 Average E/e′, Ar−A duration, TR velocity, and LAVi thresholds. - Integrative interpretation · Section 15F · PDF p. 25 Requirement for comprehensive assessment rather than a single-variable diagnosis. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: E/e′ method](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-ee/) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/) - [Left atrial volume index calculator: LAVI](https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/) - [Left ventricular pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-restrictive/ # Diastolic assessment in restrictive cardiomyopathy Review the restrictive-cardiomyopathy diastolic pathway, its required measurements and its method-specific context. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-restrictive) ## Method 2025 ASE Table 7 · advanced restrictive filling indicators Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Average E/e′ PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus - Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus. - Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion. - Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats. ### Mitral E deceleration time ms Spectral Doppler timing - Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries. - Measure from the specified onset to offset. - Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling. ### Mitral E/A ratio PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips - Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips. - Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave. - Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope. ### IVRT ms Spectral Doppler timing - Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries. - Measure from the specified onset to offset. - Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis · Table 7 · PDF p. 20 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf) - Restrictive indicators · Table 7 · PDF p. 20 Average E/e′, deceleration time, E/A ratio, and IVRT thresholds supporting advanced restrictive physiology. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: E/e′ method](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-ee/) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/) - [Left atrial volume index calculator: LAVI](https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/) - [Left ventricular pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-tachycardia/ # Diastolic assessment in sinus tachycardia Explore the diastolic pathway for sinus tachycardia and review the acquisition requirements for its measurements. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-tachycardia) ## Method 2025 ASE Table 7 · supportive indicators when E and A may be fused Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Predominant early filling + depressed LVEF PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips - Present - Absent - Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips. - Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave. - Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope. ### IVRT ms Spectral Doppler timing - Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries. - Measure from the specified onset to offset. - Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling. ### Pulmonary vein systolic filling fraction % Pulsed-wave Doppler - Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract. - Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI. ### Average E/e′ PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus - Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus. - Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion. - Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis · Table 7 · PDF p. 20 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf) - Sinus-tachycardia indicators · Table 7 · PDF p. 20 Early filling, IVRT, pulmonary-vein systolic filling fraction, and E/e′ indicators when E and A can fuse. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: E/e′ method](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-ee/) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/) - [Left atrial volume index calculator: LAVI](https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/) - [Left ventricular pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-exercise/ # Diastolic exercise echocardiography assessment Find the exercise-echo diastolic pathway, its measurement inputs and the source context provided by the interactive tool. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-exercise) ## Method 2025 ASE Section 13 · selected exercise E/e′ method plus exercise TR velocity Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Exercise E/e′ method PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus - Average E/e′ - Septal E/e′ - Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus. - Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion. - Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats. ### Exercise average E/e′ PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus - Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus. - Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion. - Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats. ### Exercise septal E/e′ PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus - Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus. - Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion. - Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats. ### Exercise TR velocity m/s CW Doppler through the TR jet - Search RV inflow, apical four-chamber, and subcostal windows; use the highest well-aligned signal. - Trace the dense primary edge (‘chin’), not faint overgained noise, and reject truncated triangular envelopes when estimating pressure. - Average three representative beats; in atrial fibrillation average 5–10 beats and exclude post-pause or post-ectopic velocities. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis · Section 13 · PDF pp. 18–19 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf) - Indication and acquisition · Section 13A–B · PDF p. 18 Appropriate patient selection, exercise modalities, acquisition order, and postexercise timing. - Normal, likely, and abnormal branches · Section 13C · PDF p. 19 E/e′ and exercise TR-velocity thresholds, including the guideline's likely-HFpEF branch. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: E/e′ method](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-ee/) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/) - [Left atrial volume index calculator: LAVI](https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/) - [Left ventricular pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-ph/ # Diastolic assessment in pulmonary hypertension Explore the dedicated pulmonary-hypertension diastolic pathway, with its acquisition guidance and method-specific references. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-ph) ## Method 2025 ASE Figure 6 · E/A first, then LARS; lateral E/e′ if LARS unavailable Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Mitral E/A ratio PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips - Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips. - Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave. - Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope. ### Mitral E velocity cm/s PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips - Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips. - Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave. - Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope. ### Mitral e′ PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus - Reduced - Not reduced - Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus. - Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion. - Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats. ### LA reservoir strain Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Available - Unavailable - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### LA reservoir strain % Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Lateral E/e′ PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus - Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus. - Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion. - Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis · Figure 6 p. 23 · pulmonary-hypertension section pp. 23–24 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf) - Pulmonary-hypertension pathway · Figure 6 · PDF p. 23 Mitral E/A and E velocity branches, LARS, and lateral E/e′ fallback thresholds. - Population limitation · Section 15C · PDF pp. 23–24 Use for filling-pressure estimation in established moderate or severe pulmonary hypertension. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: E/e′ method](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-ee/) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/) - [Left atrial volume index calculator: LAVI](https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/) - [Left ventricular pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-transplant/ # Diastolic assessment after heart transplant: sinus rhythm Review the heart-transplant diastolic pathway for sinus rhythm and the measurement context supplied with the tool. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-transplant) ## Method 2025 ASE Figure 5 · average E/e′; intermediate values use E/SRIVR or TR velocity Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Average E/e′ PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus - Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus. - Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion. - Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats. ### E/SRIVR Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Available - Unavailable - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Mitral E / SRIVR cm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### TR peak velocity m/s CW Doppler through the TR jet - Search RV inflow, apical four-chamber, and subcostal windows; use the highest well-aligned signal. - Trace the dense primary edge (‘chin’), not faint overgained noise, and reject truncated triangular envelopes when estimating pressure. - Average three representative beats; in atrial fibrillation average 5–10 beats and exclude post-pause or post-ectopic velocities. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis · Table 7 p. 20 · Figure 5 p. 23 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf) - Transplant pathway · Figure 5 · PDF p. 23 Average E/e′ outer branches and E/SRIVR or TR-velocity resolution of intermediate values. - Transplant limitations · Section 15B · PDF pp. 22–23 Sinus-rhythm scope and the limitation of diastolic indices for graft-rejection diagnosis. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: E/e′ method](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-ee/) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/) - [Left atrial volume index calculator: LAVI](https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/) - [Left ventricular pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-lvad/ # Diastolic assessment with a left ventricular assist device Explore the dedicated LV assist device (LVAD) pathway, with its own measurement inputs and source qualifications. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-lvad) ## Method 2025 ASE Table 7 · Doppler, right-heart pressure and interatrial septal position Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Mitral E/A ratio PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips - Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips. - Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave. - Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope. ### Right atrial pressure mmHg Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value - Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo. - Confirm the value is entered in mmHg. - Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions. ### PASP mmHg Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value - Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo. - Confirm the value is entered in mmHg. - Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions. ### Average E/e′ PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus - Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus. - Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion. - Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats. ### Septal E/e′ PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus - Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus. - Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion. - Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats. ### LA volume index mL/m² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Interatrial septum Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Neutral - Bulges right - Bulges left - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis · Table 7 · PDF p. 20 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf) - LVAD pressure indicators · Table 7 · PDF p. 20 E/A, RAP, PASP, E/e′, LAVi, and interatrial-septal position relationships. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: E/e′ method](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-ee/) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/) - [Left atrial volume index calculator: LAVI](https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/) - [Left ventricular pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/fractional-shortening/ # Left ventricular fractional shortening calculator Review the end-diastolic and end-systolic dimension inputs used to calculate left ventricular fractional shortening. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#fractional-shortening) ## Method FS = (LVIDd − LVIDs) ÷ LVIDd × 100 Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### LVIDd · end-diastole mm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### LVIDs · end-systole mm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context ASE / EACVI · 2015 · Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults · §1.1 Linear measurements · §2–2.2, pp. 6–7 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2015_ChamberQuantificationREV.pdf) - Linear shortening and acquisition · §1.1 · §2–2.2, pp. 6–7 Matched end-diastolic and end-systolic linear dimensions, phase definitions, and limitations with regional dysfunction or conduction abnormalities. Fractional shortening is distinct from volume-derived EF; no severity thresholds are applied. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Parasternal long axis acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#plax) - [Left ventricular dimensions calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-linear/) - [Left ventricular mass and wall thickness calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-mass/) - [Left ventricular volume index calculator: EDV and ESV](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-volume-index/) - [Left ventricular ejection fraction calculator: LVEF](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-ef/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-linear/ # Left ventricular dimensions calculator and measurement guide Explore left ventricular linear measurements, their acquisition guidance and the reference context available in the tool. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lv-linear) ## Method Indexed diameter = LVID ÷ BSA Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Phase Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - End-diastole - End-systole - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### LV internal diameter cm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Body surface area m² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit · Optional - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Reference sex Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Men - Women - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context ASE / EACVI · 2015 · Cardiac Chamber Quantification in Adults · LV linear measurements §1.1; Supplemental Table 3 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2015_ChamberQuantificationREV.pdf) - Acquisition and interpretation · LV linear measurements §1.1; Supplemental Table 3 Method-specific acquisition and reference context. Arithmetic uses entered measurements; clinical interpretation remains subject to image quality and study context. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Parasternal long axis acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#plax) - [Left ventricular fractional shortening calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/fractional-shortening/) - [Left ventricular mass and wall thickness calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-mass/) - [Left ventricular volume index calculator: EDV and ESV](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-volume-index/) - [Left ventricular ejection fraction calculator: LVEF](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-ef/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-mass/ # Left ventricular mass and wall thickness calculator Find the dimensions and indexing measurements used by the wall-thickness and left ventricular mass tool. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lv-mass) ## Method LV mass = 0.8 × 1.04 × [(IVSd + LVIDd + PWd)³ − LVIDd³] + 0.6 g Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### LVIDd cm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ### PWd cm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ### IVSd cm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ### Body surface area m² Record the units, date and measurement source · Optional - Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated. - Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight. - Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results. ### Reference sex Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Men - Women - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography / EACVI · 2015 · Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults · Linear LV mass: §4. Sex-specific wall thickness and linear-method mass partitions: Supplemental Table 3, p. 39.e8. Technique: ASE 2019 Comprehensive TTE p. 31, V.A.1. [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2015_ChamberQuantificationREV.pdf) - Linear mass acquisition and calculation · ASE/EACVI 2015 · §4; ASE 2019 · p. 31 · V.A.1 IVSd, LVIDd and PWd at the same end-diastolic PLAX level, perpendicular to the LV long axis. The cube formula uses centimetres; index mass to BSA when available. - Sex-specific wall thickness and mass · ASE/EACVI 2015 · Supplemental Table 3 · p. 39.e8 Separate men’s and women’s normal, mild, moderate and severe partitions for IVSd, PWd, linear-method LV mass and LV mass/BSA. These mass partitions are specific to the linear method. Catalogue review status: Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Parasternal long axis acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#plax) - [Left ventricular fractional shortening calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/fractional-shortening/) - [Left ventricular dimensions calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-linear/) - [Left ventricular volume index calculator: EDV and ESV](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-volume-index/) - [Left ventricular ejection fraction calculator: LVEF](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-ef/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-volume-index/ # Left ventricular volume index calculator: EDV and ESV Explore end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, body-size indexing and the tool’s separate 2D and 3D method context. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lv-volume-index) ## Method EDVi = EDV ÷ BSA · ESVi = ESV ÷ BSA Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Volume method Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - 2D biplane - Measured 3D - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### End-diastolic volume mL Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### End-systolic volume mL Enter the measured value in the displayed unit · Optional - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Body surface area m² Record the units, date and measurement source · Optional - Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated. - Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight. - Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results. ### Reference sex Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Men - Women - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography / EACVI · 2015 · Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults · 2D volume partitions: Supplemental Table 3, p. 39.e8. Biplane acquisition: §1.2. Normal EF ranges: Table 2, p. 7. Technique: ASE 2019 Comprehensive TTE p. 32, V.C.1. [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2015_ChamberQuantificationREV.pdf) - Biplane volume acquisition · ASE/EACVI 2015 · §1.2; ASE 2019 · p. 32 · V.C.1 Trace the compacted interface in LV-focused A4C and A2C at end-diastole and end-systole; avoid foreshortening and include papillary muscles and trabeculations in the cavity. Volumes and EF are not derived from linear dimensions. - Sex-specific 2D volume partitions · ASE/EACVI 2015 · Supplemental Table 3 · p. 39.e8 Separate men's and women's normal, mild, moderate and severe bands for EDV, EDV/BSA, ESV and ESV/BSA. These 2D biplane volume partitions do not apply to 3D volumes. - Biplane EF reference range · ASE/EACVI 2015 · Table 2 · p. 7 Biplane LVEF reference range 52–72% in men and 54–74% in women. The calculator reports EF without adding a mild–severe EF ladder. Catalogue review status: Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Apical two chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-two-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a2c) - [Left ventricular fractional shortening calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/fractional-shortening/) - [Left ventricular dimensions calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-linear/) - [Left ventricular mass and wall thickness calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-mass/) - [Left ventricular ejection fraction calculator: LVEF](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-ef/) - [Left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/lv-volumes-ejection-fraction/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-ef/ # Left ventricular ejection fraction calculator: LVEF Calculate ejection fraction from end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, then explore the acquisition teaching and method-specific references. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lv-ef) ## Method EF = (EDV − ESV) ÷ EDV × 100 Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Volume method Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - 2D biplane - Measured 3D - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### End-diastolic volume mL Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### End-systolic volume mL Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Body surface area m² Record the units, date and measurement source · Optional - Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated. - Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight. - Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results. ### Reference sex Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Men - Women - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography / EACVI · 2015 · Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults · 2D volume partitions: Supplemental Table 3, p. 39.e8. Biplane acquisition: §1.2. Normal EF ranges: Table 2, p. 7. Technique: ASE 2019 Comprehensive TTE p. 32, V.C.1. [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2015_ChamberQuantificationREV.pdf) - Biplane volume acquisition · ASE/EACVI 2015 · §1.2; ASE 2019 · p. 32 · V.C.1 Trace the compacted interface in LV-focused A4C and A2C at end-diastole and end-systole; avoid foreshortening and include papillary muscles and trabeculations in the cavity. Volumes and EF are not derived from linear dimensions. - Sex-specific 2D volume partitions · ASE/EACVI 2015 · Supplemental Table 3 · p. 39.e8 Separate men's and women's normal, mild, moderate and severe bands for EDV, EDV/BSA, ESV and ESV/BSA. These 2D biplane volume partitions do not apply to 3D volumes. - Biplane EF reference range · ASE/EACVI 2015 · Table 2 · p. 7 Biplane LVEF reference range 52–72% in men and 54–74% in women. The calculator reports EF without adding a mild–severe EF ladder. Catalogue review status: Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Apical two chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-two-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a2c) - [Left ventricular fractional shortening calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/fractional-shortening/) - [Left ventricular dimensions calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-linear/) - [Left ventricular mass and wall thickness calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-mass/) - [Left ventricular volume index calculator: EDV and ESV](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-volume-index/) - [Left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/lv-volumes-ejection-fraction/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-gls/ # Global longitudinal strain calculator: LV GLS and serial change Review left ventricular global longitudinal strain and serial-change inputs, with the tool’s measurement and source context. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lv-gls) ## Method Relative reduction = (|baseline GLS| − |follow-up GLS|) ÷ |baseline GLS| × 100 Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Current GLS · signed % Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Baseline GLS · signed % Enter the measured value in the displayed unit · Optional - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context ASE / EACVI · 2025 · Clinical Applications of Strain Echocardiography · Global reference ranges and serial comparison pp.994–995 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Strain-2025-Guideline-2.pdf) - Acquisition and interpretation · Global reference ranges and serial comparison pp.994–995 Method-specific acquisition and reference context. Arithmetic uses entered measurements; clinical interpretation remains subject to image quality and study context. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Apical two chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-two-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a2c) - [Apical three chamber (apical long axis) acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-three-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a3c) - [Left ventricular fractional shortening calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/fractional-shortening/) - [Left ventricular dimensions calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-linear/) - [Left ventricular mass and wall thickness calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-mass/) - [Left ventricular volume index calculator: EDV and ESV](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-volume-index/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/lvot-flow/ # LVOT stroke volume and cardiac output calculator Connect LVOT measurements to stroke volume, stroke volume index, cardiac output and cardiac index in the interactive tool. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lvot-flow) ## Method SV = π × (diameter ÷ 2)² × VTI; CO = SV × HR ÷ 1000; SVi = SV ÷ BSA; CI = CO ÷ BSA Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### LVOT diameter cm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### LVOT PW VTI cm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Heart rate at acquisition bpm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit · Optional - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Body surface area m² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit · Optional - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context ASE · 2019 · Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults · LVOT PW Doppler and paired diameter acquisition; Doppler volumetric flow [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2019_Comprehensive-TTE.pdf) - Acquisition and interpretation · LVOT PW Doppler and paired diameter acquisition; Doppler volumetric flow Method-specific acquisition and reference context. Arithmetic uses entered measurements; clinical interpretation remains subject to image quality and study context. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Parasternal long axis acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#plax) - [Apical five chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-five-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a5c) - [Apical three chamber (apical long axis) acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-three-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a3c) - [Left ventricular fractional shortening calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/fractional-shortening/) - [Left ventricular dimensions calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-linear/) - [Left ventricular mass and wall thickness calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-mass/) - [Left ventricular volume index calculator: EDV and ESV](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-volume-index/) - [Aortic stenosis: from echo views to the continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/learn/aortic-stenosis-continuity/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-size/ # Aortic size and diameter index calculator Explore aortic measurements and indexing, with acquisition guidance and the reference methods available in the tool. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#aortic-size) ## Method Indexed aortic diameter = diameter ÷ BSA Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Anatomical level Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Annulus - Sinuses - STJ - Ascending aorta - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Measured diameter cm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Body surface area m² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit · Optional - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Reference sex Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Men - Women - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context ASE / EACVI · 2015 · Cardiac Chamber Quantification in Adults · Aortic measurements §10; Table 14 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2015_ChamberQuantificationREV.pdf) - Acquisition and interpretation · Aortic measurements §10; Table 14 Method-specific acquisition and reference context. Arithmetic uses entered measurements; clinical interpretation remains subject to image quality and study context. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Parasternal long axis acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#plax) - [Suprasternal notch, aortic arch acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/suprasternal-aortic-arch/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#ssn) - [Abdominal aorta long axis acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/abdominal-aorta/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#abdAo) - [Left ventricular fractional shortening calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/fractional-shortening/) - [Left ventricular dimensions calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-linear/) - [Left ventricular mass and wall thickness calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-mass/) - [Left ventricular volume index calculator: EDV and ESV](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-volume-index/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/wmsi/ # Wall motion score index calculator: WMSI Explore the wall-motion score index tool and its segment-based teaching and source context. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#wmsi) ## Method WMSI = Σ(segment scores) ÷ (number of segments scored) Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### 1. Basal anterior Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - 1 · Normal - 2 · Hypokinetic - 3 · Akinetic - 4 · Dyskinetic - Not visualized - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### 2. Basal anteroseptal Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - 1 · Normal - 2 · Hypokinetic - 3 · Akinetic - 4 · Dyskinetic - Not visualized - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### 3. Basal inferoseptal Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - 1 · Normal - 2 · Hypokinetic - 3 · Akinetic - 4 · Dyskinetic - Not visualized - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### 4. Basal inferior Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - 1 · Normal - 2 · Hypokinetic - 3 · Akinetic - 4 · Dyskinetic - Not visualized - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### 5. Basal inferolateral Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - 1 · Normal - 2 · Hypokinetic - 3 · Akinetic - 4 · Dyskinetic - Not visualized - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### 6. Basal anterolateral Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - 1 · Normal - 2 · Hypokinetic - 3 · Akinetic - 4 · Dyskinetic - Not visualized - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### 7. Mid anterior Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - 1 · Normal - 2 · Hypokinetic - 3 · Akinetic - 4 · Dyskinetic - Not visualized - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### 8. Mid anteroseptal Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - 1 · Normal - 2 · Hypokinetic - 3 · Akinetic - 4 · Dyskinetic - Not visualized - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### 9. Mid inferoseptal Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - 1 · Normal - 2 · Hypokinetic - 3 · Akinetic - 4 · Dyskinetic - Not visualized - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### 10. Mid inferior Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - 1 · Normal - 2 · Hypokinetic - 3 · Akinetic - 4 · Dyskinetic - Not visualized - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### 11. Mid inferolateral Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - 1 · Normal - 2 · Hypokinetic - 3 · Akinetic - 4 · Dyskinetic - Not visualized - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### 12. Mid anterolateral Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - 1 · Normal - 2 · Hypokinetic - 3 · Akinetic - 4 · Dyskinetic - Not visualized - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### 13. Apical anterior Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - 1 · Normal - 2 · Hypokinetic - 3 · Akinetic - 4 · Dyskinetic - Not visualized - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### 14. Apical septal Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - 1 · Normal - 2 · Hypokinetic - 3 · Akinetic - 4 · Dyskinetic - Not visualized - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### 15. Apical inferior Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - 1 · Normal - 2 · Hypokinetic - 3 · Akinetic - 4 · Dyskinetic - Not visualized - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### 16. Apical lateral Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - 1 · Normal - 2 · Hypokinetic - 3 · Akinetic - 4 · Dyskinetic - Not visualized - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography / EACVI · 2015 · Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults · Regional LV function: JASE pp. 11–12, Figures 3–4. Stress acquisition, grading and reporting: ASE 2020 pp. 4–13. [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/guideline/cardiac-chamber-quantification-by-echo-in-adults/) - 16- and 17-segment roles · ASE/EACVI 2015 · pp. 11–12 · Figures 3–4 Use the 16-segment model for routine wall-motion assessment because apical-cap excursion and thickening are imperceptible; use the 17-segment model for perfusion and cross-modality display. - Routine grading · ASE/EACVI 2015 · pp. 11–12; ASE 2020 · pp. 10–11 Routine chamber quantification scores normal/hyperkinetic 1, hypokinetic 2, akinetic 3 and dyskinetic 4. WMSI is the sum of scored segments divided by the number of segments scored. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Apical two chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-two-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a2c) - [Apical three chamber (apical long axis) acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-three-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a3c) - [Parasternal short axis, papillary muscle level acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-papillary-muscles/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#psaxPM) - [Left ventricular fractional shortening calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/fractional-shortening/) - [Left ventricular dimensions calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-linear/) - [Left ventricular mass and wall thickness calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-mass/) - [Left ventricular volume index calculator: EDV and ESV](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-volume-index/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/rap/ # Right atrial pressure assessment: IVC and hepatic vein flow Review IVC and hepatic-flow inputs in EchoSuite’s right atrial pressure tool, with acquisition guidance and supporting reference context. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#rap) ## Method RAP category from IVC diameter and inspiratory collapse Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Measurement Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - IVC estimate - Measured collapse - Hepatic S / D - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### IVC diameter cm Subcostal long axis · M-mode or 2D - From subcostal IVC long axis, measure end-expiratory diameter 0.5–3.0 cm proximal to the right-atrial ostium. - Keep the calipers perpendicular to the IVC and observe variation with both a sniff and quiet respiration. - Record whether inspiratory collapse is at least 50%; do not use collapse alone during positive-pressure ventilation. ### Collapse with sniff Subcostal long axis · M-mode or 2D - At least 50% - Less than 50% - From subcostal IVC long axis, measure end-expiratory diameter 0.5–3.0 cm proximal to the right-atrial ostium. - Keep the calipers perpendicular to the IVC and observe variation with both a sniff and quiet respiration. - Record whether inspiratory collapse is at least 50%; do not use collapse alone during positive-pressure ventilation. ### End-expiratory maximum cm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Sniff minimum cm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Same site and plane Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Both walls tracked - Out-of-plane / uncertain - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Peak forward S cm/s Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Peak forward D cm/s Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Usable forward peaks Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Yes - Systolic reversal - Uncertain / limited - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Ventilation Subcostal long axis · M-mode or 2D - Spontaneous breathing - Positive-pressure ventilation - From subcostal IVC long axis, measure end-expiratory diameter 0.5–3.0 cm proximal to the right-atrial ostium. - Keep the calipers perpendicular to the IVC and observe variation with both a sniff and quiet respiration. - Record whether inspiratory collapse is at least 50%; do not use collapse alone during positive-pressure ventilation. ### Secondary evidence when discordant Subcostal long axis · M-mode or 2D - None present - One or more present - Unavailable / uncertain - From subcostal IVC long axis, measure end-expiratory diameter 0.5–3.0 cm proximal to the right-atrial ostium. - Keep the calipers perpendicular to the IVC and observe variation with both a sniff and quiet respiration. - Record whether inspiratory collapse is at least 50%; do not use collapse alone during positive-pressure ventilation. ### Marked venous signs with IVC >2.5 cm Subcostal long axis · M-mode or 2D - No - Yes - From subcostal IVC long axis, measure end-expiratory diameter 0.5–3.0 cm proximal to the right-atrial ostium. - Keep the calipers perpendicular to the IVC and observe variation with both a sniff and quiet respiration. - Record whether inspiratory collapse is at least 50%; do not use collapse alone during positive-pressure ventilation. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults and Special Considerations in Pulmonary Hypertension · RAP section and Figure 3 · PDF pp. 19–20 and 23 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ASE-Right-Heart-Guidelines-May-2025.pdf) - Primary IVC branches · RAP section and Table 4 · PDF pp. 19–20 End-expiratory IVC measurement, the 2.1-cm and 50% branches, and discrete 3, 8, 15, or selected 20-mmHg estimates. - Discordant findings and caveats · RAP section · PDF p. 19 Secondary-index resolution, positive-pressure ventilation limitations, and caveats for athletes, pregnancy, and inadequate sniff. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Subcostal IVC long axis acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/inferior-vena-cava/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#ivc) - [Subcostal four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/subcostal-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#subcostal4c) - [Right atrial size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/ra-size/) - [Right ventricular size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-size-calc/) - [Right ventricular function calculator: TAPSE, FAC and coupling](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-function-calc/) - [RVSP and PASP calculator: tricuspid regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/rvsp/) - [Right-heart echocardiography: views, measurements and calculators](https://echosuite.app/learn/right-heart-echo/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/ra-size/ # Right atrial size calculator and measurement guide Explore right atrial size measurements, acquisition guidance and the reference context supplied with the tool. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#ra-size) ## Method Grade the selected RA measure against the 2025 ASE method-specific table; volume methods index to BSA Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Measure Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - RA volume index · method of disks - RA volume index · area–length - RA major dimension - RA minor dimension - RA end-systolic area - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### RA volume mL Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Body surface area m² Record the units, date and measurement source - Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated. - Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight. - Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results. ### RA major dimension cm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ### RA minor dimension cm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ### RA end-systolic area cm² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Entered value Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults and Special Considerations in Pulmonary Hypertension · RA acquisition, methods and Table 1 partitions: 2025 right-heart guideline pp. 2, 4, 6, and 10. [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ASE-Right-Heart-Guidelines-May-2025.pdf) - RA measurement methods · ASE 2025 right-heart guideline · pp. 2, 6, 10 Dedicated RA-focused A4C. Single-plane method of disks is the preferred 2D volume when indexed to BSA; area–length is a different method and is not interchangeable. Linear dimensions and area are supporting measures. - RA reference partitions · ASE 2025 right-heart guideline · Table 1 p. 4; key points p. 2 Method-specific RA dimension, area, MOD-volume, and area–length volume partitions. Area–length is a different table from method of disks. Catalogue review status: Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Right atrial pressure assessment: IVC and hepatic vein flow](https://echosuite.app/guides/rap/) - [Right ventricular size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-size-calc/) - [Right ventricular function calculator: TAPSE, FAC and coupling](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-function-calc/) - [RVSP and PASP calculator: tricuspid regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/rvsp/) - [Right-heart echocardiography: views, measurements and calculators](https://echosuite.app/learn/right-heart-echo/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-size-calc/ # Right ventricular size calculator and measurement guide Browse right ventricular dimensions, area, RVOT and wall measurements, and 3D volume methods within the existing RV size tool. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#rv-size-calc) ## Method Indexed measurement = measured dimension, area or 3D volume ÷ BSA Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Measurement Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Dimensions - ED/ES area - 3D volumes - RVOT - Wall thickness - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### RVD1 · basal cm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### RVD2 · mid cm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### RVD3 · length cm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### ED area cm² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### ES area cm² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### 3D EDV mL Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### 3D ESV mL Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### PLAX cm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Proximal PSAX cm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Distal PSAX cm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### RV wall thickness cm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### BSA · for indices m² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit · Optional - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context ASE · 2025 · Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults · Table 1; RV size pp.143–151; function pp.156–160; TAPSE/PASP pp.156–157 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ASE-Right-Heart-Guidelines-May-2025.pdf) - Acquisition and interpretation · Table 1; RV size pp.143–151; function pp.156–160; TAPSE/PASP pp.156–157 Method-specific acquisition and reference context. Arithmetic uses entered measurements; clinical interpretation remains subject to image quality and study context. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Parasternal long axis acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#plax) - [RV outflow acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-outflow/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#rvOutflow) - [Parasternal short axis, aortic valve level acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-aortic-valve/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#psaxAV) - [Right atrial pressure assessment: IVC and hepatic vein flow](https://echosuite.app/guides/rap/) - [Right atrial size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/ra-size/) - [Right ventricular function calculator: TAPSE, FAC and coupling](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-function-calc/) - [RVSP and PASP calculator: tricuspid regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/rvsp/) - [Right-heart echocardiography: views, measurements and calculators](https://echosuite.app/learn/right-heart-echo/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-function-calc/ # Right ventricular function calculator: TAPSE, FAC and coupling Explore the RV function and coupling measurements available in the tool, with acquisition teaching and method-specific references. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#rv-function-calc) ## Method FAC or EF = (end-diastolic − end-systolic) ÷ end-diastolic × 100; coupling = TAPSE ÷ PASP Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Measurement Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - TAPSE - S′ - FAC - Free-wall strain - 3D RVEF - TAPSE/PASP - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### TAPSE mm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Lateral tricuspid S′ cm/s Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### End-diastolic area cm² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### End-systolic area cm² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Free-wall strain · magnitude % Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### 3D end-diastolic volume mL Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### 3D end-systolic volume mL Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Estimated PASP mmHg Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### PASP acquisition Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Reliable - Unreliable / uncertain - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context ASE · 2025 · Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults · Table 1; RV size pp.143–151; function pp.156–160; TAPSE/PASP pp.156–157 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ASE-Right-Heart-Guidelines-May-2025.pdf) - Acquisition and interpretation · Table 1; RV size pp.143–151; function pp.156–160; TAPSE/PASP pp.156–157 Method-specific acquisition and reference context. Arithmetic uses entered measurements; clinical interpretation remains subject to image quality and study context. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Right atrial pressure assessment: IVC and hepatic vein flow](https://echosuite.app/guides/rap/) - [Right atrial size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/ra-size/) - [Right ventricular size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-size-calc/) - [RVSP and PASP calculator: tricuspid regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/rvsp/) - [Right-heart echocardiography: views, measurements and calculators](https://echosuite.app/learn/right-heart-echo/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/rvsp/ # RVSP and PASP calculator: tricuspid regurgitation velocity Review the tricuspid regurgitation velocity and right atrial pressure inputs used by the RVSP and PASP tool. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#rvsp) ## Method RVSP = 4(TR Vmax)² + RAP; PASP = RVSP − PS gradient Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### TR Vmax m/s CW Doppler through the TR jet - Search RV inflow, apical four-chamber, and subcostal windows; use the highest well-aligned signal. - Trace the dense primary edge (‘chin’), not faint overgained noise, and reject truncated triangular envelopes when estimating pressure. - Average three representative beats; in atrial fibrillation average 5–10 beats and exclude post-pause or post-ectopic velocities. ### Estimated RAP mmHg Subcostal long axis · M-mode or 2D - From subcostal IVC long axis, measure end-expiratory diameter 0.5–3.0 cm proximal to the right-atrial ostium. - Keep the calipers perpendicular to the IVC and observe variation with both a sniff and quiet respiration. - Record whether inspiratory collapse is at least 50%; do not use collapse alone during positive-pressure ventilation. ### Peak pulmonic (RVOT) gradient mmHg Complete traced CW envelope - Align through the valve or shunt and record a complete envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope using the machine tool. - Use the machine-calculated mean gradient in mmHg. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults and Special Considerations in Pulmonary Hypertension · Table 1 JASE p. 145 · Table 4 pp. 161–163 · RVSP pp. 164–166 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ASE-Right-Heart-Guidelines-May-2025.pdf) - Equation and pulmonic-gradient correction · Table 4 · JASE pp. 161–163; RVSP pp. 164–166 RVSP from peak TR velocity plus RAP and equality of PASP and RVSP only when RVOT or pulmonic obstruction is absent. - Acquisition, threshold, and limitations · Table 1 JASE p. 145 · RVSP / Table 5 pp. 164–166 Multiple-window acquisition, rhythm averaging, generally abnormal RVSP at least 35 mmHg, and TR-envelope and hemodynamic pitfalls. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [RV inflow acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-inflow/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#rvInflow) - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Subcostal four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/subcostal-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#subcostal4c) - [Subcostal IVC long axis acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/inferior-vena-cava/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#ivc) - [Right atrial pressure assessment: IVC and hepatic vein flow](https://echosuite.app/guides/rap/) - [Right atrial size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/ra-size/) - [Right ventricular size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-size-calc/) - [Right ventricular function calculator: TAPSE, FAC and coupling](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-function-calc/) - [Right-heart echocardiography: views, measurements and calculators](https://echosuite.app/learn/right-heart-echo/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/pa-pressure/ # Pulmonary artery pressure calculator Explore the pulmonary artery pressure methods available in EchoSuite and check each method’s Doppler measurements and qualifications. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#pa-pressure) ## Method PAEDP = 4(PR EDV)² + RAP; mPAP = 4(PR early peak)² + RAP Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Pressure method Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value - PA end-diastolic · PR endpoint - Mean PA · early PR peak - Mean PA · PASP and PAEDP - Mean PA · mean TR gradient - Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo. - Confirm the value is entered in mmHg. - Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions. ### PR end-diastolic velocity m/s CW Doppler through the PR jet - From PSAX at the aortic-valve level, angle superiorly to show the RVOT and pulmonary valve, then align CW Doppler with the PR jet. - Use the early-diastolic peak velocity for mean PA pressure and the velocity immediately before the QRS for PA end-diastolic pressure. - Use a dense complete envelope; average representative beats and use 5–10 beats when the rhythm is irregular. ### PR early-diastolic peak velocity m/s CW Doppler through the PR jet - From PSAX at the aortic-valve level, angle superiorly to show the RVOT and pulmonary valve, then align CW Doppler with the PR jet. - Use the early-diastolic peak velocity for mean PA pressure and the velocity immediately before the QRS for PA end-diastolic pressure. - Use a dense complete envelope; average representative beats and use 5–10 beats when the rhythm is irregular. ### Mean RV–RA gradient mmHg Complete traced CW envelope - Align through the valve or shunt and record a complete envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope using the machine tool. - Use the machine-calculated mean gradient in mmHg. ### Estimated RAP mmHg Subcostal long axis · M-mode or 2D - From subcostal IVC long axis, measure end-expiratory diameter 0.5–3.0 cm proximal to the right-atrial ostium. - Keep the calipers perpendicular to the IVC and observe variation with both a sniff and quiet respiration. - Record whether inspiratory collapse is at least 50%; do not use collapse alone during positive-pressure ventilation. ### PA systolic pressure mmHg Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value - Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo. - Confirm the value is entered in mmHg. - Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions. ### PA end-diastolic pressure mmHg Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value - Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo. - Confirm the value is entered in mmHg. - Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults and Special Considerations in Pulmonary Hypertension · Table 4 JASE pp. 161–163 · PAEDP pp. 165–166 · mPAP p. 166 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ASE-Right-Heart-Guidelines-May-2025.pdf) - PAEDP · PAEDP section · JASE pp. 165–166 End-diastolic PR velocity equation, acquisition from the PA-focused PSAX view, and the abnormal 2.2-m/s PR-velocity threshold. - Mean PA pressure · mPAP section · JASE p. 166 PASP/PAEDP, early PR, and mean TR-gradient approaches; echo mPAP limitations and invasive confirmation requirements. - [Mean TR-gradient method · Aduen 2009](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19505794/) · JASE 22:814–819 · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2009.04.007 Mean RV–RA systolic gradient plus RAP, compared with catheter-derived mean PA pressure. Trace the systolic TR envelope; peak-gradient arithmetic is a different method. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [RV outflow acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-outflow/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#rvOutflow) - [Parasternal short axis, aortic valve level acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-aortic-valve/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#psaxAV) - [Right atrial pressure assessment: IVC and hepatic vein flow](https://echosuite.app/guides/rap/) - [Right atrial size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/ra-size/) - [Right ventricular size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-size-calc/) - [Right ventricular function calculator: TAPSE, FAC and coupling](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-function-calc/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/mpap-rvot/ # Mean pulmonary artery pressure calculator: RVOT acceleration time Find the RVOT acceleration-time method for mean pulmonary artery pressure, with its acquisition guidance and reference context. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#mpap-rvot) ## Method mPAP = 79 − 0.45 × RVOT AcT; if AcT <120 ms, also 90 − 0.62 × AcT Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### RVOT acceleration time ms PW Doppler just below the pulmonary valve - From the PA-bifurcation PSAX view, place a 1–2 mm PW sample in the distal RVOT just beneath the pulmonary valve. - Optimize scale, baseline, wall filter, and beam alignment so the entire systolic envelope is visible. - Trace the modal envelope for VTI; measure acceleration time from flow onset to peak velocity and interpret cautiously when heart rate is <60 or >100 bpm. ### Heart rate bpm Spectral Doppler timing - Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries. - Measure from the specified onset to offset. - Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults and Special Considerations in Pulmonary Hypertension · Table 1 JASE p. 145 · RVOT AcT pp. 158–159 · Table 4 / mPAP p. 166 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ASE-Right-Heart-Guidelines-May-2025.pdf) - Acquisition and heart-rate limitation · RVOT VTI and AcT · JASE pp. 158–159 Distal RVOT sample placement, onset-to-peak timing, >105-ms normal reference, and reduced reliability below 60 or above 100 bpm. - Empirical equations · Table 4 · JASE pp. 161–163; mPAP p. 166 The 79−0.45×AccT equation and the alternate 90−0.62×AccT equation when AccT is below 120 ms. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [RV outflow acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-outflow/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#rvOutflow) - [Parasternal short axis, aortic valve level acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-aortic-valve/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#psaxAV) - [Right atrial pressure assessment: IVC and hepatic vein flow](https://echosuite.app/guides/rap/) - [Right atrial size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/ra-size/) - [Right ventricular size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-size-calc/) - [Right ventricular function calculator: TAPSE, FAC and coupling](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-function-calc/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/pvr/ # Pulmonary vascular resistance calculator: echo Doppler method Review the Doppler inputs, formula and method qualifications used by EchoSuite’s pulmonary vascular resistance tool. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#pvr) ## Method PVR = 10 × TR Vmax ÷ RVOT VTI + 0.16 Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### TR Vmax m/s CW Doppler through the TR jet - Search RV inflow, apical four-chamber, and subcostal windows; use the highest well-aligned signal. - Trace the dense primary edge (‘chin’), not faint overgained noise, and reject truncated triangular envelopes when estimating pressure. - Average three representative beats; in atrial fibrillation average 5–10 beats and exclude post-pause or post-ectopic velocities. ### RVOT VTI cm PW Doppler just below the pulmonary valve - From the PA-bifurcation PSAX view, place a 1–2 mm PW sample in the distal RVOT just beneath the pulmonary valve. - Optimize scale, baseline, wall filter, and beam alignment so the entire systolic envelope is visible. - Trace the modal envelope for VTI; measure acceleration time from flow onset to peak velocity and interpret cautiously when heart rate is <60 or >100 bpm. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults and Special Considerations in Pulmonary Hypertension · Pulmonary Vascular Resistance section · JASE p. 167 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ASE-Right-Heart-Guidelines-May-2025.pdf) - Equation and thresholds · PVR section and key points · JASE p. 167 The Abbas equation, normal PVR below 1.5 WU, and abnormal PVR above 2.0 WU. - Clinical limitations · PVR recommendations · JASE p. 167 Unreliability above 8 WU, nonroutine-use recommendation, and the requirement not to substitute echo PVR for invasive hemodynamics. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [RV outflow acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-outflow/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#rvOutflow) - [Parasternal short axis, aortic valve level acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-aortic-valve/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#psaxAV) - [Right atrial pressure assessment: IVC and hepatic vein flow](https://echosuite.app/guides/rap/) - [Right atrial size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/ra-size/) - [Right ventricular size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-size-calc/) - [Right ventricular function calculator: TAPSE, FAC and coupling](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-function-calc/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/mpi/ # RV myocardial performance index calculator Explore rv myocardial performance index with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#mpi) ## Method PW: RV MPI = (TCO − ET) ÷ ET; TDI: RV MPI = (IVCT + IVRT) ÷ ET Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Method PW Doppler or tissue Doppler · method specific - Pulsed-wave Doppler - Tissue Doppler - Choose the same method used for the reference range: PW Doppler or lateral-tricuspid-annular tissue Doppler. - For PW Doppler, pair tricuspid closure-to-opening time with RVOT ejection time from beats having similar R–R intervals. - For tissue Doppler, measure IVCT, ejection time, and IVRT from the same lateral-annular beat; report the method with the result. ### Tricuspid closure-to-opening time ms PW Doppler or tissue Doppler · method specific - Choose the same method used for the reference range: PW Doppler or lateral-tricuspid-annular tissue Doppler. - For PW Doppler, pair tricuspid closure-to-opening time with RVOT ejection time from beats having similar R–R intervals. - For tissue Doppler, measure IVCT, ejection time, and IVRT from the same lateral-annular beat; report the method with the result. ### Isovolumic contraction time ms PW Doppler or tissue Doppler · method specific - Choose the same method used for the reference range: PW Doppler or lateral-tricuspid-annular tissue Doppler. - For PW Doppler, pair tricuspid closure-to-opening time with RVOT ejection time from beats having similar R–R intervals. - For tissue Doppler, measure IVCT, ejection time, and IVRT from the same lateral-annular beat; report the method with the result. ### Isovolumic relaxation time ms PW Doppler or tissue Doppler · method specific - Choose the same method used for the reference range: PW Doppler or lateral-tricuspid-annular tissue Doppler. - For PW Doppler, pair tricuspid closure-to-opening time with RVOT ejection time from beats having similar R–R intervals. - For tissue Doppler, measure IVCT, ejection time, and IVRT from the same lateral-annular beat; report the method with the result. ### Ejection time ms PW Doppler or tissue Doppler · method specific - Choose the same method used for the reference range: PW Doppler or lateral-tricuspid-annular tissue Doppler. - For PW Doppler, pair tricuspid closure-to-opening time with RVOT ejection time from beats having similar R–R intervals. - For tissue Doppler, measure IVCT, ejection time, and IVRT from the same lateral-annular beat; report the method with the result. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults and Special Considerations in Pulmonary Hypertension · Table 1 p. 4 · Table 3 and RV MPI section pp. 15–18 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ASE-Right-Heart-Guidelines-May-2025.pdf) - Method-specific calculation · Table 3 and RV MPI section · PDF pp. 15–17 PW and tissue-Doppler acquisition, interval definitions, R–R matching, and the RV MPI equations. - Method-specific grades and limitations · Table 1 p. 4 · RV MPI key points p. 18 Separate PW and tissue-Doppler reference bands plus load, rhythm, and intermethod limitations. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Right atrial pressure assessment: IVC and hepatic vein flow](https://echosuite.app/guides/rap/) - [Right atrial size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/ra-size/) - [Right ventricular size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-size-calc/) - [Right ventricular function calculator: TAPSE, FAC and coupling](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-function-calc/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/effusion-size/ # Pericardial effusion size measurement guide and calculator Explore the pericardial effusion size tool, its measurement acquisition teaching and its source context. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#effusion-size) ## Method Maximum echo-free separation at end-diastole (mm) Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Maximum end-diastolic separation mm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context European Society of Cardiology · 2025 · 2025 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Myocarditis and Pericarditis · Section 5.5 and Table 10 · Classification of pericardial effusion [Primary reference](https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/46/40/3952/8234483) - Method and interpretation · Section 5.5 and Table 10 · Classification of pericardial effusion Largest end-diastolic echo-free separation: small <10 mm, moderate 10–20 mm, large >20 mm; evaluate distribution and hemodynamic findings separately. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Parasternal long axis acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#plax) - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Subcostal four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/subcostal-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#subcostal4c) - [Mitral inflow · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-respiratory/) - [Tricuspid inflow · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/tricuspid-respiratory/) - [LVOT · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lvot-respiratory/) - [Hepatic vein · expiratory reversal calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/hepatic-expiratory-reversal/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-respiratory/ # Mitral inflow · respiratory variation calculator Explore mitral inflow · respiratory variation with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#mitral-respiratory) ## Method Inspiratory fall = (Eₑ − Eᵢ) / Eₑ × 100 Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Expiratory Eₑ cm/s Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Inspiratory Eᵢ cm/s Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2013 · Clinical Recommendations for Multimodality Cardiovascular Imaging of Patients with Pericardial Disease · Tamponade pp. 988–991, Figures 36–37; constriction pp. 993–995, Figures A20/A24 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2013_Multimodality-CV-Imaging-for-Pericardial-Disease.pdf) - Method and interpretation · Tamponade pp. 988–991, Figures 36–37; constriction pp. 993–995, Figures A20/A24 Expiration-denominator variation: mitral >25% / tricuspid >40% for constriction, versus >30% / >60% in tamponade; integrate the complete examination. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Pericardial effusion size measurement guide and calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/effusion-size/) - [Tricuspid inflow · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/tricuspid-respiratory/) - [LVOT · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lvot-respiratory/) - [Hepatic vein · expiratory reversal calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/hepatic-expiratory-reversal/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/tricuspid-respiratory/ # Tricuspid inflow · respiratory variation calculator Explore tricuspid inflow · respiratory variation with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#tricuspid-respiratory) ## Method Inspiratory rise = (Eᵢ − Eₑ) / Eₑ × 100 Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Expiratory Eₑ cm/s Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Inspiratory Eᵢ cm/s Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2013 · Clinical Recommendations for Multimodality Cardiovascular Imaging of Patients with Pericardial Disease · Tamponade pp. 988–991, Figures 36–37; constriction pp. 993–995, Figures A20/A24 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2013_Multimodality-CV-Imaging-for-Pericardial-Disease.pdf) - Method and interpretation · Tamponade pp. 988–991, Figures 36–37; constriction pp. 993–995, Figures A20/A24 Expiration-denominator variation: mitral >25% / tricuspid >40% for constriction, versus >30% / >60% in tamponade; integrate the complete examination. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Pericardial effusion size measurement guide and calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/effusion-size/) - [Mitral inflow · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-respiratory/) - [LVOT · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lvot-respiratory/) - [Hepatic vein · expiratory reversal calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/hepatic-expiratory-reversal/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/lvot-respiratory/ # LVOT · respiratory variation calculator Explore lvot · respiratory variation with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lvot-respiratory) ## Method Inspiratory fall = (expiratory value − inspiratory value) / expiratory value × 100 Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### LVOT measurement Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Peak velocity - VTI - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Expiratory peak Vₑ cm/s Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Inspiratory peak Vᵢ cm/s Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Expiratory VTIₑ cm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Inspiratory VTIᵢ cm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2013 · Clinical Recommendations for Multimodality Cardiovascular Imaging of Patients with Pericardial Disease · Figure 38, journal p. 990; Doppler flow recordings pp. 988–991 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2013_Multimodality-CV-Imaging-for-Pericardial-Disease.pdf) - Method and interpretation · Figure 38, journal p. 990; Doppler flow recordings pp. 988–991 Inspiratory LVOT velocity reduction and respiratory changes in ejection; no standalone numerical cutoff is assigned here. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Pericardial effusion size measurement guide and calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/effusion-size/) - [Mitral inflow · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-respiratory/) - [Tricuspid inflow · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/tricuspid-respiratory/) - [Hepatic vein · expiratory reversal calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/hepatic-expiratory-reversal/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/hepatic-expiratory-reversal/ # Hepatic vein · expiratory reversal calculator Explore hepatic vein · expiratory reversal with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#hepatic-expiratory-reversal) ## Method Reversal ratio = expiratory diastolic reverse velocity / expiratory diastolic forward velocity Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Expiratory Dᵣ reversal cm/s Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Expiratory D forward cm/s Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis · Section F · Pericardial Constriction, journal pp. 561–562; Figure 7 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf) - Method and interpretation · Section F · Pericardial Constriction, journal pp. 561–562; Figure 7 Expiratory hepatic diastolic reversal / forward ratio ≥0.8 and the reversed medial/lateral e′ relationship as supportive constrictive findings. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Pericardial effusion size measurement guide and calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/effusion-size/) - [Mitral inflow · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-respiratory/) - [Tricuspid inflow · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/tricuspid-respiratory/) - [LVOT · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lvot-respiratory/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/annulus-reversus/ # Annulus reversus · medial / lateral e′ calculator Explore annulus reversus · medial / lateral e′ with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#annulus-reversus) ## Method Annular e′ ratio = medial e′ / lateral e′ Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Medial e′ cm/s Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Lateral e′ cm/s Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2025 · Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis · Section F · Pericardial Constriction, journal pp. 561–562; Figure 7 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf) - Method and interpretation · Section F · Pericardial Constriction, journal pp. 561–562; Figure 7 Expiratory hepatic diastolic reversal / forward ratio ≥0.8 and the reversed medial/lateral e′ relationship as supportive constrictive findings. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Pericardial effusion size measurement guide and calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/effusion-size/) - [Mitral inflow · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-respiratory/) - [Tricuspid inflow · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/tricuspid-respiratory/) - [LVOT · respiratory variation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lvot-respiratory/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/qpqs/ # Qp/Qs calculator: pulmonary to systemic flow ratio Review the Doppler stroke-volume measurements used for pulmonary and systemic flow in the Qp/Qs tool. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#qpqs) ## Method Qp/Qs = (RVOT CSA × RVOT VTI) ÷ (LVOT CSA × LVOT VTI) Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### RVOT maximal-systolic diameter at PW site cm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ### RVOT VTI cm Pulsed-wave Doppler - Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract. - Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI. ### LVOT maximal-systolic diameter at PW site cm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ### LVOT VTI cm Pulsed-wave Doppler - Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract. - Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI. ## Sources and method context ASE / SCAI · 2015 · Echocardiographic assessment of atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale · Pulsed Doppler shunt-flow quantification · pp. 929–930 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2015_ASD-PFO.pdf) - Pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio · pp. 929–930 · Doppler shunt quantification Each outflow stroke volume is its cross-sectional area times matched systolic VTI. Qp/Qs is RV outflow stroke volume divided by LV outflow stroke volume. Circular-area assumptions and semilunar regurgitation limit the estimate. - [Adult shunt context · AHA/ACC 2025](https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001402) · ACHD guideline · §4.1 / Table 25 A Qp/Qs of at least 1.5 is interpreted with chamber loading, PVR and the full congenital assessment. The app’s greater-than-2 interval is a flow-reporting descriptor, not a universal defect severity or closure rule. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Parasternal long axis acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#plax) - [Apical five chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-five-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a5c) - [RV outflow acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-outflow/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#rvOutflow) - [Parasternal short axis, aortic valve level acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-aortic-valve/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#psaxAV) - [Atrial septal defect: shunt and Doppler calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/asd/) - [VSD · size & right-heart pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/vsd-pressure/) - [PDA · shunt & PA pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pda-pressure/) - [Coarctation · anatomy & gradients calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/coarctation/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/asd/ # Atrial septal defect: shunt and Doppler calculator Explore the atrial septal defect tool’s anatomy, shunt and Doppler teaching, with the measurements and sources for its available methods. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#asd) ## Method Qp/Qs = (Dpulmonary² × VTIpulmonary) / (DLVOT² × VTILVOT); atrial mean ΔP is directly traced Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Clinical question Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Shunt flow · Qp/Qs - Atrial Doppler mean - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### RVOT diameter at the PW sample cm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ### RVOT VTI cm Pulsed-wave Doppler - Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract. - Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI. ### LVOT diameter at the PW sample cm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ### LVOT VTI cm Pulsed-wave Doppler - Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract. - Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI. ### Atrial physiology Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Not established - Isolated ASD - Complex CHD / atrial egress - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Traced atrial mean gradient mmHg Complete traced CW envelope - Align through the valve or shunt and record a complete envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope using the machine tool. - Use the machine-calculated mean gradient in mmHg. ## Sources and method context ASE / SCAI · ACC / AHA · 2026 · ASD anatomy, Doppler flow and integrated assessment · ASE/SCAI 2015 pp. 912–916, 924–930, 932–935 · ASE pediatric TTE 2024 p. 142 · ACC pediatric guidance 2026 [Primary reference](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2015.05.015) - Anatomy and acquisition · Silvestry et al. JASE 2015;28:910–958 · pp. 912–916, 924–930 · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2015.05.015 Defect morphology, surrounding structures and outflow stroke-volume ratio. Subcostal orthogonal imaging helps avoid apical dropout; significant semilunar regurgitation limits flow estimation. - Current pediatric imaging · Lopez et al. JASE 2024;37:119–170 · p. 142 · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2023.11.015 Subcostal/right parasternal septal imaging, full-cycle PW direction, orthogonal size/rims and relationships to veins and AV valves. - Context for the 1.5 reference · 2025 ACHD guideline §4.1.1 · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.09.006; 2026 ACC pediatric shunt guidance · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.11.020 Shunt ratio is interpreted with right-heart enlargement and population-specific hemodynamics. This tool does not implement closure eligibility or a PVR estimate. - Restriction is lesion-specific · Atrial septal defect morphology and stenting in HLHS after hybrid palliation, 2017 · PMID 28889828 A selected HLHS cohort combined Doppler gradient and clinical signs. It does not validate universal mild/moderate/severe bands for all ASDs; none are applied here. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Subcostal four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/subcostal-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#subcostal4c) - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [RV outflow acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-outflow/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#rvOutflow) - [Qp/Qs calculator: pulmonary to systemic flow ratio](https://echosuite.app/guides/qpqs/) - [VSD · size & right-heart pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/vsd-pressure/) - [PDA · shunt & PA pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pda-pressure/) - [Coarctation · anatomy & gradients calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/coarctation/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/vsd-pressure/ # VSD · size & right-heart pressure calculator Explore vsd · size & right-heart pressure with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#vsd-pressure) ## Method RVSP = SBP − 4V²; RVEDP = LVEDP − 4Ved²; relative size = VSD / AoV Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Clinical question Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - RV systolic pressure - RV end-diastolic pressure - Anatomical size - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Systolic blood pressure mmHg Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value - Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo. - Confirm the value is entered in mmHg. - Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions. ### Peak VSD velocity m/s Continuous-wave Doppler - Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet. - Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation. - Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope. ### Independent LVEDP mmHg Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value - Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo. - Confirm the value is entered in mmHg. - Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions. ### End-diastolic VSD velocity m/s Continuous-wave Doppler - Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet. - Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation. - Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope. ### Largest VSD dimension mm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ### Aortic annulus diameter mm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ## Sources and method context EACVI / ESC / AEPC · primary Doppler studies · 2021 · Imaging the adult with simple shunt lesions · VSD anatomy and imaging · pp. e61–e64 · doi:10.1093/ehjci/jeaa314 [Primary reference](https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeaa314) - Anatomy, shunt and chamber response · Budts et al. 2021 · VSD sections, Figures 6–7 Multiple windows and colour sweeps define location, borders, number, shunt direction and associated lesions; CMR can quantify Qp/Qs and ventricular volumes. - Systolic pressure estimate · Noninvasive evaluation of RV and PA systolic pressures · simultaneous Doppler/catheter study · PMID 8465730 Cuff systolic pressure minus the VSD Doppler gradient estimates RV systolic pressure in the appropriate setting. Pressure is not a defect-size grade. - Sloped CW limitation · Schamberger et al. JASE 2001;14:1197–1202 · doi:10.1067/mje.2001.116351 In sloped spectra, peak instantaneous gradient may exceed the peak-to-peak difference and underestimate right-sided systolic pressures. - Anatomical reference bands · User-supplied VSD pocket reference, page 13 · retained teaching convention VSD/AoV <⅓, ⅓–½ and >½. Other references use different boundaries; these bands are labelled and do not produce a universal severity grade. - Published use of the size convention · Edraki et al. 2022 · pmVSD closure protocol · p. 2 · doi:10.1186/s12872-022-02757-9 A retrospective perimembranous-VSD closure cohort of 146 patients under 18 used the same annular fractions. This documents a population-specific convention, not a universal VSD severity scale or closure criterion. - End-diastolic method · Existing VSD method · instantaneous simplified Bernoulli pressure balance Requires independent LVEDP and the same end-diastolic timing. No guideline grading threshold or validation claim is attached to this retained method. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Qp/Qs calculator: pulmonary to systemic flow ratio](https://echosuite.app/guides/qpqs/) - [Atrial septal defect: shunt and Doppler calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/asd/) - [PDA · shunt & PA pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pda-pressure/) - [Coarctation · anatomy & gradients calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/coarctation/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/pda-pressure/ # PDA · shunt & PA pressure calculator Explore pda · shunt & pa pressure with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#pda-pressure) ## Method Systolic ΔP = 4Vsys²; estimated PASP = SBP − ΔP; estimated mPAP = MAP − complete-cycle mean ΔP Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Clinical question Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - PA systolic pressure - Mean PA pressure - Ductal gradient only - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Observed ductal flow Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Not established - All left → right - Bidirectional - All right → left - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Peak systolic PDA velocity m/s Continuous-wave Doppler - Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet. - Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation. - Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope. ### Systolic blood pressure mmHg Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value - Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo. - Confirm the value is entered in mmHg. - Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions. ### Complete-cycle mean gradient mmHg Complete traced CW envelope - Align through the valve or shunt and record a complete envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope using the machine tool. - Use the machine-calculated mean gradient in mmHg. ### Mean arterial pressure mmHg Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value - Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo. - Confirm the value is entered in mmHg. - Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions. ## Sources and method context ASE · AHA / ACC · primary Doppler studies · 2025 · PDA acquisition, pressure estimation and whole-shunt assessment · ASE pediatric TTE 2024 pp. 162–163 · TNE 2024 pp. 185–188, Table 5 · Musewe et al. 1987 [Primary reference](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2023.11.015) - Locate the duct and record the whole cycle · Lopez et al. JASE 2024;37:119–170 · pp. 162–163 · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2023.11.015 High parasternal sagittal and suprasternal color sweeps; assess restriction and direction throughout the cycle. Abdominal holodiastolic reversal has other causes. - Conditional pressure estimates · Musewe et al. Circulation 1987;76:1081–1091 · PMID 2959394; Lu et al. 1991 · PMID 1806337 Small simultaneous Doppler/catheter studies support systolic and mean estimates in appropriate PDA flow. Right-to-left velocity did not correlate with pressure in the Musewe series; this tool restricts subtraction to continuous left-to-right flow. - Geometry and timing limitations · Duct-geometry study 1987 · PMID 3329223; Spach et al. Circulation 1980;61:110–122 · doi:10.1161/01.CIR.61.1.110 Duct configuration can distort Bernoulli estimates; instantaneous pressure separation and shunt direction change during the cardiac cycle. - Hemodynamic significance is multiparametric · ASE targeted neonatal echo 2024 · pp. 185–188, Table 5 p. 197 · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2023.11.016; 2025 ACHD guideline §4.1.5 · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.09.006 Assess chamber/flow response and systemic runoff in their population context. Adult decisions incorporate net shunt, LV effects and PVR; no automated significance, PAH grade or closure recommendation is supplied. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Qp/Qs calculator: pulmonary to systemic flow ratio](https://echosuite.app/guides/qpqs/) - [Atrial septal defect: shunt and Doppler calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/asd/) - [VSD · size & right-heart pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/vsd-pressure/) - [Coarctation · anatomy & gradients calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/coarctation/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/coarctation/ # Coarctation · anatomy & gradients calculator Explore coarctation · anatomy & gradients with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#coarctation) ## Method Peak ΔP = 4V₂²; corrected peak ΔP = 4(V₂² − V₁²); mean from systolic CW trace Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Available measurement Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Corrected peak - Peak only - Traced mean - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Proximal peak velocity V₁ m/s Pulsed-wave Doppler - Position the PW sample gate at the required anatomical station. - Align with flow and save a complete, unaliased envelope. - Measure the reproducible dense peak from zero in velocity units, not VTI. ### Coarctation peak velocity V₂ m/s Continuous-wave Doppler - Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet. - Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation. - Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope. ### Traced systolic mean gradient mmHg Complete traced CW envelope - Align through the valve or shunt and record a complete envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope using the machine tool. - Use the machine-calculated mean gradient in mmHg. ## Sources and method context ACC / AHA / HRS / ISACHD / SCAI · ASE / EACVI · 2025 · 2025 Guideline for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease · Coarctation section · Table 25 and footnotes · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.09.006 [Primary reference](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2025.09.006) - Adult significance, not a severity scale · 2025 ACHD guideline · Table 25 Mean Doppler and corrected maximum instantaneous gradients >20 mmHg are suggestive features; interpret lower gradients cautiously with LV dysfunction, severe AS or collaterals and elevated gradients after repair. - Acquisition and downstream flow · ASE / EACVI Thoracic Aorta 2015 · pp. 162–163, Figure 51 · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2014.11.015 Suprasternal arch imaging and Doppler, delayed abdominal systolic upstroke and persistent forward diastolic flow; multimodality assessment of the whole aorta. - Doppler versus catheter gradients · Egbe et al. 2023 · PMID 37660667 · PMC10805228 Only modest echo–catheter correlations in 121 adults. Peak, corrected peak and mean are distinct measurements; no regression conversion is implemented. - Reporting anatomy and associated disease · ASE adult echo reporting 2025 · congenital lesions table · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2025.06.001 Describe narrowing, branch relationship, arch dimensions, diastolic continuation, abdominal Doppler and residual aortic complications. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Qp/Qs calculator: pulmonary to systemic flow ratio](https://echosuite.app/guides/qpqs/) - [Atrial septal defect: shunt and Doppler calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/asd/) - [VSD · size & right-heart pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/vsd-pressure/) - [PDA · shunt & PA pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pda-pressure/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/fontan-gradient/ # Fontan · circulation & gradients calculator Explore fontan · circulation & gradients with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#fontan-gradient) ## Method Doppler mean ΔP = time average of 4v(t)² over the traced interval Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Measured site Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Fenestration - Fontan–PA connection - IVC–Fontan connection - Glenn connection - Branch pulmonary artery - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Traced mean gradient mmHg Complete traced CW envelope - Align through the valve or shunt and record a complete envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope using the machine tool. - Use the machine-calculated mean gradient in mmHg. ## Sources and method context EACVI · ASE · AHA / ACC · 2025 · Fontan circulation: imaging, acquisition and hemodynamic limitations · EACVI 2018 p. 1094 · ASE Echo May/June 2025 pp. 24–27 · Sanders et al. 2025 [Primary reference](https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jey102) - Site-specific adult reference · EACVI 2018 · p. 1094, Fontan circulation · doi:10.1093/ehjci/jey102 Fenestration mean 4–8 mmHg is a contextual reference; a cavopulmonary connection mean of 3 mmHg may be important. No universal Fontan severity grade is supplied. - Map connections and acquire the correct spectrum · Klug & Kwon · ASE Echo May/June 2025 · pp. 24–27, Fontan Imaging Tips (educational article) Identify the operation, examine both Glenns when present, optimize low-velocity flow, use PW at connections and CW for the fenestration mean. - Fenestration gradient is an imperfect surrogate · Sanders et al. · Pediatr Cardiol 2025;46:2047–2053 (online 2024) · PMID 39395055 · doi:10.1007/s00246-024-03651-1 Retrospective 59-patient comparison; echo within six months of catheterization. Limited agreement does not support treating Doppler as direct catheter pressure or applying a regression conversion. - Whole-circulation assessment · 2025 ACHD guideline · Fontan palliation section · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.09.006; AHA Fontan statement 2019 · doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000696 Evaluate ventricular/valvar function, pathway and venous obstruction, collaterals, rhythm and end-organ effects; unexplained deterioration may require expert invasive assessment. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Qp/Qs calculator: pulmonary to systemic flow ratio](https://echosuite.app/guides/qpqs/) - [Atrial septal defect: shunt and Doppler calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/asd/) - [VSD · size & right-heart pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/vsd-pressure/) - [PDA · shunt & PA pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pda-pressure/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis/ # Aortic prosthetic valve calculator: EOA, DVI and PPM Review effective orifice area, Doppler velocity index and prosthesis–patient mismatch inputs for the aortic prosthesis tool. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#aortic-prosthesis) ## Method EOA = LVOT area × LVOT VTI ÷ prosthesis VTI; DVI = LVOT VTI ÷ prosthesis VTI; iEOA = EOA ÷ BSA Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### LVOT VTI cm Pulsed-wave Doppler - Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract. - Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI. ### Prosthesis VTI cm Continuous-wave Doppler trace - Use the same aligned CW recording as the peak velocity. - Trace the outer edge of the dense envelope for the relevant phase. - Use the machine-reported VTI in centimeters. ### LVOT diameter cm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement · Optional - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ### Body surface area m² Record the units, date and measurement source · Optional - Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated. - Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight. - Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results. ### Body mass index kg/m² Record the units, date and measurement source · Optional - Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated. - Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight. - Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results. ### Acceleration time ms Spectral Doppler timing · Optional - Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries. - Measure from the specified onset to offset. - Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling. ### Ejection time ms Spectral Doppler timing · Optional - Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries. - Measure from the specified onset to offset. - Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2024 · Guidelines for the Evaluation of Prosthetic Valve Function With Cardiovascular Imaging · EOA and DVI pp. 7–9 · Table 5 JASE p. 19 · Table 7 p. 20 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/PIIS0894731723005333.pdf) - EOA and DVI calculation · Section IC(iii)(b–c) · PDF pp. 7–9 Continuity-derived effective orifice area, LVOT sampling, and Doppler velocity index. - Acceleration indices · Table 5 · JASE p. 19 Acceleration time and AT/ET ranges for normal, possible, and significant stenosis patterns. - BMI-specific aortic PPM · Table 7 · JASE p. 20 Indexed EOA thresholds for BMI below 30 and BMI at least 30 kg/m². Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Parasternal long axis acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#plax) - [Apical five chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-five-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a5c) - [Apical three chamber (apical long axis) acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-three-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a3c) - [Surgical aortic prosthesis · obstruction calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis-screen/) - [Aortic prosthesis · serial comparison calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis-serial/) - [Mitral prosthetic valve calculator: EOA, DVI and PPM](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-prosthesis/) - [Mitral prosthesis · obstruction calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-prosthesis-screen/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis-screen/ # Surgical aortic prosthesis · obstruction calculator Explore surgical aortic prosthesis · obstruction with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#aortic-prosthesis-screen) ## Method 2024 ASE Table 5 · pair flow-dependent and flow-independent SAVR findings Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Peak velocity m/s Continuous-wave Doppler - Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet. - Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation. - Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope. ### Mean gradient mmHg Complete traced CW envelope - Align through the valve or shunt and record a complete envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope using the machine tool. - Use the machine-calculated mean gradient in mmHg. ### DVI · LVOT VTI ÷ prosthesis VTI Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### EOA vs expected valve reference Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Not available - Within 1 SD - 1 to <2 SD below - ≥2 SD below - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Acceleration time ms Spectral Doppler timing - Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries. - Measure from the specified onset to offset. - Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling. ### AT/ET ratio Spectral Doppler timing - Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries. - Measure from the specified onset to offset. - Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2024 · Guidelines for the Evaluation of Prosthetic Valve Function With Cardiovascular Imaging · Figure 13 and Table 5 · JASE p. 19 · recommendations p. 21 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/PIIS0894731723005333.pdf) - SAVR obstruction ranges · Table 5 · JASE p. 19 Peak velocity, mean gradient, DVI, reference-relative EOA, acceleration time, and AT/ET ranges. - Required parameter concordance · Table 5 footnote · JASE p. 19 Significant stenosis should include at least one flow-dependent and one flow-independent parameter. - Acquisition and differential · Key recommendations · PDF p. 21 Multiple Doppler windows and exclusion of high flow, PPM, sub/supravalvular obstruction, and pressure recovery. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Aortic prosthetic valve calculator: EOA, DVI and PPM](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis/) - [Aortic prosthesis · serial comparison calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis-serial/) - [Mitral prosthetic valve calculator: EOA, DVI and PPM](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-prosthesis/) - [Mitral prosthesis · obstruction calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-prosthesis-screen/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis-serial/ # Aortic prosthesis · serial comparison calculator Explore aortic prosthesis · serial comparison with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#aortic-prosthesis-serial) ## Method Compare current mean gradient, DVI and EOA with a stable postimplant baseline Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Comparison Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - TAVI · change from baseline - Bioprosthesis · hemodynamic deterioration - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Baseline mean gradient mmHg Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Current mean gradient mmHg Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Baseline DVI Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Current DVI Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Baseline EOA cm² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Current EOA cm² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Study conditions Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Stable / comparable - Different / uncertain - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context ASE · 2024 · Evaluation of Prosthetic Valve Function · Tables 5–6, pp.19–20; baseline and acquisition context [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/PIIS0894731723005333.pdf) - Acquisition and interpretation · Tables 5–6, pp.19–20; baseline and acquisition context Method-specific acquisition and reference context. Arithmetic uses entered measurements; clinical interpretation remains subject to image quality and study context. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Aortic prosthetic valve calculator: EOA, DVI and PPM](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis/) - [Surgical aortic prosthesis · obstruction calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis-screen/) - [Mitral prosthetic valve calculator: EOA, DVI and PPM](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-prosthesis/) - [Mitral prosthesis · obstruction calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-prosthesis-screen/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-prosthesis/ # Mitral prosthetic valve calculator: EOA, DVI and PPM Explore effective orifice area, Doppler velocity index and prosthesis–patient mismatch inputs for the mitral prosthesis tool. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#mitral-prosthesis) ## Method EOA = LVOT area × LVOT VTI ÷ MV prosthesis VTI; DVI = MV prosthesis VTI ÷ LVOT VTI Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Measurement Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - EOA & DVI - Patient–prosthesis mismatch - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### LVOT VTI cm Pulsed-wave Doppler - Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract. - Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI. ### Mitral prosthesis VTI cm Continuous-wave Doppler trace - Use the same aligned CW recording as the peak velocity. - Trace the outer edge of the dense envelope for the relevant phase. - Use the machine-reported VTI in centimeters. ### LVOT diameter cm 2D echo · inner-edge measurement - Use the specified view and cardiac phase. - Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis. - Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening. ### Body surface area m² Record the units, date and measurement source - Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated. - Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight. - Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results. ### Body mass index kg/m² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit · Optional - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Valve structure & motion Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Normal - Abnormal - Uncertain - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### EOA vs model / size reference Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Within 1 SD - Outside 1 SD - Not known - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Continuity volume matching Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Valid · no significant MR / AR - Limited - Uncertain - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Stable postoperative baseline Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Stable - New change - Not known - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2024 · Guidelines for the Evaluation of Prosthetic Valve Function With Cardiovascular Imaging · EOA and DVI JASE pp. 9–10 · mitral evaluation pp. 24–25 · Table 7 p. 20 (BMI-adjusted PPM and prerequisites) · Table 11 p. 27 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/PIIS0894731723005333.pdf) - Mitral EOA, DVI and PPM · Section III.B(i) · JASE pp. 24–25 EOA from LVOT stroke volume / mitral VTI; inverse VTI ratio for DVI. Table 7 supplies BMI-adjusted mitral PPM bands, requiring normal structure/motion and EOA within 1 SD of the model/size reference. - Limitations · Section III.B(i) · JASE pp. 24–25 Important MR can underestimate LVOT-based mitral EOA; significant AR also breaks volume matching. PHT-derived EOA is invalid. Integrate prosthesis type, size, flow, rhythm and baseline. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Apical four chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Apical five chamber acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-five-chamber/) · [Open in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a5c) - [Aortic prosthetic valve calculator: EOA, DVI and PPM](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis/) - [Surgical aortic prosthesis · obstruction calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis-screen/) - [Aortic prosthesis · serial comparison calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis-serial/) - [Mitral prosthesis · obstruction calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-prosthesis-screen/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-prosthesis-screen/ # Mitral prosthesis · obstruction calculator Explore mitral prosthesis · obstruction with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#mitral-prosthesis-screen) ## Method Integrate velocity, gradient, DVI, EOA and PHT Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Peak velocity m/s Continuous-wave Doppler - Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet. - Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation. - Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope. ### Mean gradient mmHg Complete traced CW envelope - Align through the valve or shunt and record a complete envelope. - Trace the modal velocity envelope using the machine tool. - Use the machine-calculated mean gradient in mmHg. ### DVI · prosthesis VTI ÷ LVOT VTI Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### EOA cm² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Pressure half-time ms CW Doppler deceleration slope - Record a complete inflow or regurgitant CW envelope. - Trace the deceleration slope using the machine PHT tool. - Average representative beats and use additional beats in atrial fibrillation. ### Heart rate at Doppler acquisition bpm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context American Society of Echocardiography · 2024 · Guidelines for the Evaluation of Prosthetic Valve Function With Cardiovascular Imaging · Tables 10–11 JASE p. 27 · Table 12 p. 28 · recommendations p. 29 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/PIIS0894731723005333.pdf) - Mitral obstruction ranges · Table 11 · JASE p. 27 Individual peak velocity, mean gradient, DVI, EOA and pressure half-time reference bands; integrate findings without an invented abnormal-parameter count. - Required reporting context · Table 10 JASE p. 27 · key recommendations p. 29 Heart rate, prosthesis type and size, chamber response, pulmonary pressure, and comparison with baseline. Catalogue review status: Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Aortic prosthetic valve calculator: EOA, DVI and PPM](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis/) - [Surgical aortic prosthesis · obstruction calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis-screen/) - [Aortic prosthesis · serial comparison calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis-serial/) - [Mitral prosthetic valve calculator: EOA, DVI and PPM](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-prosthesis/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/bsa/ # Body surface area calculator: height and weight Calculate body surface area from height and weight, with explicit units and the formula supplied by the tool. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#bsa) ## Method Mosteller: BSA = √(height × weight / 3600) Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Height · H cm Record the units, date and measurement source - Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated. - Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight. - Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results. ### Weight · W kg Record the units, date and measurement source - Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated. - Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight. - Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results. ### Formula Record the units, date and measurement source - Mosteller - Du Bois - Haycock - Gehan & George - Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated. - Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight. - Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results. ## Sources and method context Primary BSA publications · Height–weight estimates of body surface area · Du Bois 1916 · Gehan & George 1970 · Haycock 1978 · Mosteller 1987 [Primary reference](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3657876/) - Mosteller · N Engl J Med 1987;317:1098 · doi:10.1056/NEJM198710223171717 BSA = √(H × W / 3600). H in cm, W in kg, BSA in m². The app defaults to this equation; this is not a claim that every echo reference uses it. - Du Bois & Du Bois · Arch Intern Med 1916;17:863–871 · doi:10.1001/archinte.1916.00080130010002 BSA = 0.007184 × H^0.725 × W^0.425; H in cm and W in kg. - Haycock, Schwartz & Wisotsky · J Pediatr 1978;93:62–66 · PMID:650346 BSA = 0.024265 × H^0.3964 × W^0.5378; H in cm and W in kg. The primary study included infants, children and adults. - Gehan & George · Cancer Chemother Rep 1970;54:225–235 · PMID:5527019 BSA = 0.0235 × H^0.42246 × W^0.51456; H in cm and W in kg. - Body size and indexed valve area · EACVI/ASE aortic stenosis focused update 2017 · section 1.3 · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2017.02.009 BSA indexing has limitations in obesity: aortic valve area does not grow in proportion to excess weight. Do not infer stenosis severity from an indexed value alone. - Chamber indexing in obesity · Zong et al. JASE 2014;27:1267–1274 · PMID:25193637 The choice of body-size normalization affects recognition of left-heart enlargement in obesity. Retain raw measurements alongside indexed results. Catalogue review status: Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Right atrial pressure assessment: IVC and hepatic vein flow](https://echosuite.app/guides/rap/) - [Right atrial size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/ra-size/) - [Right ventricular size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-size-calc/) - [Right ventricular function calculator: TAPSE, FAC and coupling](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-function-calc/) - [Left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/lv-volumes-ejection-fraction/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/wave-relations/ # Wave relationships calculator Explore wave relationships with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#wave-relations) ## Method Period = 1/f; wavelength = c/f; pulse duration = period × cycles Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Transmit frequency MHz Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Sound speed m/s Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Cycles per pulse Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context OpenStax · Rice University · 2016 · University Physics Volume 1 · Traveling waves · §16.1 · wave period, frequency and speed; equation 16.1 [Primary reference](https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/16-1-traveling-waves) - Wave relationships · §16.1 · equation 16.1 Period is the reciprocal of frequency; wavelength is propagation speed divided by frequency. A burst of n cycles has duration n times the period. Particle oscillation is distinct from propagation of the disturbance. Catalogue review status: Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Pulse repetition and Nyquist calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pulse-repetition/) - [Pulse length and near field calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pulse-geometry/) - [Doppler equation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/doppler-equation/) - [Acoustic impedance and intensity calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/acoustic/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/pulse-repetition/ # Pulse repetition and Nyquist calculator Explore pulse repetition and nyquist with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#pulse-repetition) ## Method PRPmin ≈ 13 × depth; PRF = 1/PRP; Nyquist = PRF/2; duty = PD/PRP Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Start from Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Depth limit - Known PRF - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Sample depth cm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Pulse repetition frequency kHz Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Pulse duration · PD µs Enter the measured value in the displayed unit · Optional - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Peak Doppler shift · |Δf| kHz Enter the measured value in the displayed unit · Optional - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context Cambridge University Press · 2016 · Manual of Neurosonology · Ultrasound principles · Chapter 1 · Figures 1.3 and 1.6; PW Doppler and Nyquist, pp. 3–6 [Primary reference](https://assets.cambridge.org/97811076/59155/excerpt/9781107659155_excerpt.pdf) - Range and sampling · Chapter 1 · pulse timing and PW Doppler Round-trip time limits conventional unambiguous PRF. Nyquist is half the PRF; CW removes pulsed aliasing while losing sample-depth selection. - Duty factor · ASE Echocardiography Formula Review Guide Part 2 · principles of waves and sound Duty factor is pulse duration divided by repetition period. The 13 µs/cm depth relation is a rounded soft-tissue approximation, not a scanner setting. Catalogue review status: Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Wave relationships calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/wave-relations/) - [Pulse length and near field calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pulse-geometry/) - [Doppler equation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/doppler-equation/) - [Acoustic impedance and intensity calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/acoustic/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/pulse-geometry/ # Pulse length and near field calculator Explore pulse length and near field with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#pulse-geometry) ## Method λ = c/f; SPL = cycles × λ; axial limit ≈ SPL/2; N ≈ D²/(4λ) Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Explore Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Pulse length - Near field - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Transmit frequency · f MHz Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Sound speed · c m/s Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Cycles per pulse · n Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Active aperture diameter · D mm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context Evident · Ultrasound education · Ultrasonic beam characteristics · §2.4 · circular-element near-field distance N = D²/(4λ) [Primary reference](https://ims.evidentscientific.com/en/learn/ndt-tutorials/flaw-detection/beam-characteristics) - Near-field model · §2.4 Beam characteristics; WHO EHC 22 §2.2.1 N ≈ D²/(4λ) for a flat circular aperture with D much greater than wavelength. Near-field interference and far-field divergence do not specify electronic array focusing. - Pulse and axial separation · ASE Formula Review Guide Part 2 · principles of waves and sound Wavelength is sound speed divided by frequency; SPL is cycles times wavelength; the ideal axial separation estimate is SPL/2. Catalogue review status: Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Wave relationships calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/wave-relations/) - [Pulse repetition and Nyquist calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pulse-repetition/) - [Doppler equation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/doppler-equation/) - [Acoustic impedance and intensity calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/acoustic/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/doppler-equation/ # Doppler equation calculator Explore doppler equation with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#doppler-equation) ## Method Δf = 2fₜv cosθ/c; v = |Δf|c/(2fₜ cosθ) Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Solve for Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Velocity - Frequency shift - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Shift magnitude · |Δf| kHz Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Blood speed · v m/s Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Transmit frequency · fₜ MHz Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Beam-to-flow angle · θ ° Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Sound speed · c m/s Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context ASE · 2019 · Doppler equation and cardiac spectral acquisition · ASE Comprehensive TTE · spectral Doppler, p. 42; Manual of Neurosonology (2016), Fig. 1.5 [Primary reference](https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/2019_Comprehensive-TTE.pdf) - Alignment in echocardiography · ASE Comprehensive TTE (2019), p. 42 Detected velocity depends on cosine of the beam-to-flow angle. Improve alignment and compare windows rather than using angle correction; choose a well-acquired maximum-velocity signal. - Equation and sign · Cambridge, Manual of Neurosonology (2016), pp. 4–5, Fig. 1.5 Frequency shift is proportional to transmitted frequency, flow speed and cosine of the angle. Perpendicular flow has zero axial shift. - Two Doppler interactions · OpenStax College Physics 2e §17.7, Doppler-shifted ultrasound and Example 17.8 A moving scatterer first receives sound and then acts as a moving source. In the low-speed approximation each contributes half of the total echo shift. Catalogue review status: Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Wave relationships calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/wave-relations/) - [Pulse repetition and Nyquist calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pulse-repetition/) - [Pulse length and near field calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pulse-geometry/) - [Acoustic impedance and intensity calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/acoustic/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/acoustic/ # Acoustic impedance and intensity calculator Explore acoustic impedance and intensity with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#acoustic) ## Method Z = ρc; R = ((Z₂ − Z₁) ÷ (Z₂ + Z₁))²; I = P ÷ A Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Calculate Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Impedance - Reflection - Intensity - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Density · ρ kg/m³ Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Sound speed · c m/s Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Medium 1 · Z₁ MRayl Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Medium 2 · Z₂ MRayl Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Acoustic power · P W Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Beam area · A cm² Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context OpenStax · Rice University · 2022 · College Physics 2e · Ultrasound · §17.7 · equations 17.38–17.39; §17.3 · intensity [Primary reference](https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/17-7-ultrasound) - Acoustic relationships · §17.7 · impedance and intensity reflection; §17.3 · power per area Z = density × sound speed. Normal-incidence intensity reflection follows the squared impedance ratio; transmission is the remaining fraction in the lossless model. I = P/A is mean power per beam area, not a clinical output index. Catalogue review status: Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Wave relationships calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/wave-relations/) - [Pulse repetition and Nyquist calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pulse-repetition/) - [Pulse length and near field calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pulse-geometry/) - [Doppler equation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/doppler-equation/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/poiseuille/ # Poiseuille flow calculator Explore poiseuille flow with the method’s inputs, acquisition guidance and source references. Open the calculator to enter measurements or try an illustrative worked example. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open interactive calculator →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#poiseuille) ## Method Q = πr⁴ΔP/(8ηL); R = 8ηL/(πr⁴) Use the measurement units shown below. Some fields apply only to a selected method or condition; follow the interactive tool’s method choices. The interactive tool keeps missing measurements incomplete and provides its method-specific results and reference context. ## Measurements and acquisition ### Tube radius · r mm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Tube length · L cm Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Dynamic viscosity · η mPa·s Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ### Pressure drop · ΔP mmHg Enter the measured value in the displayed unit - Confirm the variable matches the selected formula. - Use the unit displayed beside the field. - Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state. ## Sources and method context OpenStax · Rice University · 2016 · Poiseuille flow in a circular tube · University Physics Vol. 1 §14.7 · viscosity and laminar flow [Primary reference](https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/14-7-viscosity-and-turbulence) - Flow and resistance · OpenStax University Physics Vol. 1 §14.7 Q = πr⁴ΔP/(8ηL) for ideal laminar flow in a uniform tube. R = 8ηL/(πr⁴); holding flow fixed requires ΔP = QR. - Circular velocity profile · Deville, An Introduction to the Mechanics of Incompressible Fluids (2022), §3.2.2, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04683-4_3 The fully developed circular-pipe profile is parabolic, zero at the wall, with centreline speed twice the area-averaged speed. - Explicit input units · NIST SP 811 Appendix B.9 · pressure and dynamic viscosity One conventional mmHg is 133.3224 Pa. One mPa·s is 0.001 Pa·s, numerically equal to one centipoise. Catalogue review status: Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending These pages describe the educational tool. Interpret measurements with the complete clinical context and the method’s acquisition limitations. ## Keep exploring - [Wave relationships calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/wave-relations/) - [Pulse repetition and Nyquist calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pulse-repetition/) - [Pulse length and near field calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pulse-geometry/) - [Doppler equation calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/doppler-equation/) [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/ # Parasternal long axis echo view Probe position and acquisition guidance for this echocardiographic view. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open this view in Probe Lab →](https://echosuite.app/#plax) ## Probe position 3rd-4th interspace, immediately left of the sternum ## Acquire the view Place the patient left lateral, set the probe beside the sternum, and aim through the LV long axis. ## Optimize the image Slide one interspace at a time and maximize LV length without showing papillary muscle. ## Practice in EchoSuite The interactive lab pairs the probe and mannequin with the corresponding clinical reference cine. Enter Practice to move the probe and follow the view’s acquisition coaching. [Practice Parasternal long axis](https://echosuite.app/#plax) · [Browse measurement guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) ## Source This is the same acquisition wording used in EchoSuite’s Probe Lab. Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, et al. Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(1):1–64. [Primary reference](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30282592/) ## Keep exploring - [Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) - [Aortic stenosis: from echo views to the continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/learn/aortic-stenosis-continuity/) - [Aortic valve area calculator: continuity equation and stress echo](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-stenosis/) - [Mitral valve area calculator: continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-continuity/) - [Aortic regurgitation PISA calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-pisa/) - [Aortic regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-continuity/) - [Left ventricular fractional shortening calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/fractional-shortening/) - [Left ventricular dimensions calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-linear/) [Choose a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/) · [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/ # Apical four chamber echo view Probe position and acquisition guidance for this echocardiographic view. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open this view in Probe Lab →](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) ## Probe position At the apical impulse, low and lateral on the left chest ## Acquire the view Place the probe at the true apical impulse and aim medially toward the base of the heart. ## Optimize the image Avoid foreshortening: center a pointed apex and maximize both ventricles and atria. ## Practice in EchoSuite The interactive lab pairs the probe and mannequin with the corresponding clinical reference cine. Enter Practice to move the probe and follow the view’s acquisition coaching. [Practice Apical four chamber](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) · [Browse measurement guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) ## Source This is the same acquisition wording used in EchoSuite’s Probe Lab. Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, et al. Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(1):1–64. [Primary reference](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30282592/) ## Keep exploring - [Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) - [Left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/lv-volumes-ejection-fraction/) - [Right-heart echocardiography: views, measurements and calculators](https://echosuite.app/learn/right-heart-echo/) - [Mitral valve area calculator: pressure half-time](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pht/) - [Mitral valve area calculator: continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-continuity/) - [Aortic regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-continuity/) - [Mitral regurgitation PISA calculator: EROA and regurgitant volume](https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-pisa/) - [Mitral regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-continuity/) - [Tricuspid regurgitation calculator: PISA quantification](https://echosuite.app/guides/tr-pisa/) [Choose a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/) · [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/views/subcostal-four-chamber/ # Subcostal four chamber echo view Probe position and acquisition guidance for this echocardiographic view. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open this view in Probe Lab →](https://echosuite.app/#subcostal4c) ## Probe position Immediately inferior to the xiphoid, aimed beneath the costal margin ## Acquire the view With the patient supine, flatten the probe below the xiphoid and aim toward the left shoulder using the liver as the window. ## Optimize the image Use held inspiration if helpful and keep both septa perpendicular to the beam. ## Practice in EchoSuite The interactive lab pairs the probe and mannequin with the corresponding clinical reference cine. Enter Practice to move the probe and follow the view’s acquisition coaching. [Practice Subcostal four chamber](https://echosuite.app/#subcostal4c) · [Browse measurement guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) ## Source This is the same acquisition wording used in EchoSuite’s Probe Lab. Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, et al. Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(1):1–64. [Primary reference](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30282592/) ## Keep exploring - [Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) - [Right-heart echocardiography: views, measurements and calculators](https://echosuite.app/learn/right-heart-echo/) - [Tricuspid regurgitation calculator: PISA quantification](https://echosuite.app/guides/tr-pisa/) - [Right atrial pressure assessment: IVC and hepatic vein flow](https://echosuite.app/guides/rap/) - [RVSP and PASP calculator: tricuspid regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/rvsp/) - [Pericardial effusion size measurement guide and calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/effusion-size/) - [Atrial septal defect: shunt and Doppler calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/asd/) [Choose a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/) · [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/views/inferior-vena-cava/ # Subcostal IVC long axis echo view Probe position and acquisition guidance for this echocardiographic view. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open this view in Probe Lab →](https://echosuite.app/#ivc) ## Probe position Just right of midline, immediately inferior to the xiphoid ## Acquire the view From subcostal four chamber, rotate counterclockwise to a sagittal plane and aim through the liver toward the RA. ## Optimize the image Show several centimeters of IVC entering the RA and include a full respiratory cycle. ## Practice in EchoSuite The interactive lab pairs the probe and mannequin with the corresponding clinical reference cine. Enter Practice to move the probe and follow the view’s acquisition coaching. [Practice Subcostal IVC long axis](https://echosuite.app/#ivc) · [Browse measurement guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) ## Source This is the same acquisition wording used in EchoSuite’s Probe Lab. Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, et al. Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(1):1–64. [Primary reference](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30282592/) ## Keep exploring - [Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) - [Right-heart echocardiography: views, measurements and calculators](https://echosuite.app/learn/right-heart-echo/) - [Right atrial pressure assessment: IVC and hepatic vein flow](https://echosuite.app/guides/rap/) - [RVSP and PASP calculator: tricuspid regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/rvsp/) [Choose a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/) · [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/views/abdominal-aorta/ # Abdominal aorta long axis echo view Probe position and acquisition guidance for this echocardiographic view. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open this view in Probe Lab →](https://echosuite.app/#abdAo) ## Probe position Just left of midline, immediately inferior to the xiphoid ## Acquire the view Keep the probe sagittal, slide slightly left of midline, and angle posteriorly until the aorta lies over the vertebral body. ## Optimize the image Confirm a pulsatile thick-walled vessel anterior to the spine and follow it longitudinally. ## Practice in EchoSuite The interactive lab pairs the probe and mannequin with the corresponding clinical reference cine. Enter Practice to move the probe and follow the view’s acquisition coaching. [Practice Abdominal aorta long axis](https://echosuite.app/#abdAo) · [Browse measurement guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) ## Source This is the same acquisition wording used in EchoSuite’s Probe Lab. Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, et al. Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(1):1–64. [Primary reference](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30282592/) ## Keep exploring - [Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) - [Aortic size and diameter index calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-size/) [Choose a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/) · [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/views/suprasternal-aortic-arch/ # Suprasternal notch, aortic arch echo view Probe position and acquisition guidance for this echocardiographic view. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open this view in Probe Lab →](https://echosuite.app/#ssn) ## Probe position In the suprasternal notch with the neck gently extended ## Acquire the view Extend the neck, place the probe in the notch, and aim toward the plane between the right nipple and left scapular tip. ## Optimize the image Trace the ascending, transverse, and descending arch and identify the branch vessels when possible. ## Practice in EchoSuite The interactive lab pairs the probe and mannequin with the corresponding clinical reference cine. Enter Practice to move the probe and follow the view’s acquisition coaching. [Practice Suprasternal notch, aortic arch](https://echosuite.app/#ssn) · [Browse measurement guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) ## Source This is the same acquisition wording used in EchoSuite’s Probe Lab. Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, et al. Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(1):1–64. [Primary reference](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30282592/) ## Keep exploring - [Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) - [Aortic size and diameter index calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-size/) [Choose a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/) · [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-aortic-valve/ # Parasternal short axis, aortic valve level echo view Probe position and acquisition guidance for this echocardiographic view. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open this view in Probe Lab →](https://echosuite.app/#psaxAV) ## Probe position 3rd-4th interspace, immediately left of the sternum ## Acquire the view Rotate about 90° clockwise from PLAX, then tilt superiorly toward the base until the aortic valve is centered. ## Optimize the image Avoid oblique cuts; center the aortic valve with the surrounding right-heart structures. ## Practice in EchoSuite The interactive lab pairs the probe and mannequin with the corresponding clinical reference cine. Enter Practice to move the probe and follow the view’s acquisition coaching. [Practice Parasternal short axis, aortic valve level](https://echosuite.app/#psaxAV) · [Browse measurement guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) ## Source This is the same acquisition wording used in EchoSuite’s Probe Lab. Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, et al. Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(1):1–64. [Primary reference](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30282592/) ## Keep exploring - [Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) - [Right ventricular size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-size-calc/) - [Pulmonary artery pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pa-pressure/) - [Mean pulmonary artery pressure calculator: RVOT acceleration time](https://echosuite.app/guides/mpap-rvot/) - [Pulmonary vascular resistance calculator: echo Doppler method](https://echosuite.app/guides/pvr/) - [Qp/Qs calculator: pulmonary to systemic flow ratio](https://echosuite.app/guides/qpqs/) [Choose a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/) · [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-mitral-valve/ # Parasternal short axis, mitral valve level echo view Probe position and acquisition guidance for this echocardiographic view. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open this view in Probe Lab →](https://echosuite.app/#psaxMV) ## Probe position 3rd-4th interspace, immediately left of the sternum ## Acquire the view From PSAX aortic level, tilt inferiorly until the mitral leaflets form the fish-mouth appearance. ## Optimize the image Show the entire mitral orifice with symmetric anterior and posterior leaflet motion. ## Practice in EchoSuite The interactive lab pairs the probe and mannequin with the corresponding clinical reference cine. Enter Practice to move the probe and follow the view’s acquisition coaching. [Practice Parasternal short axis, mitral valve level](https://echosuite.app/#psaxMV) · [Browse measurement guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) ## Source This is the same acquisition wording used in EchoSuite’s Probe Lab. Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, et al. Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(1):1–64. [Primary reference](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30282592/) ## Keep exploring - [Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) [Choose a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/) · [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-papillary-muscles/ # Parasternal short axis, papillary muscle level echo view Probe position and acquisition guidance for this echocardiographic view. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open this view in Probe Lab →](https://echosuite.app/#psaxPM) ## Probe position 3rd-4th interspace, immediately left of the sternum ## Acquire the view Continue tilting inferiorly toward the apex until both papillary muscles are seen within a circular LV. ## Optimize the image Keep the LV circular and both papillary muscles visible; an oval LV usually means an oblique cut. ## Practice in EchoSuite The interactive lab pairs the probe and mannequin with the corresponding clinical reference cine. Enter Practice to move the probe and follow the view’s acquisition coaching. [Practice Parasternal short axis, papillary muscle level](https://echosuite.app/#psaxPM) · [Browse measurement guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) ## Source This is the same acquisition wording used in EchoSuite’s Probe Lab. Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, et al. Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(1):1–64. [Primary reference](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30282592/) ## Keep exploring - [Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) - [Wall motion score index calculator: WMSI](https://echosuite.app/guides/wmsi/) [Choose a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/) · [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-apex/ # Parasternal short axis, apical level echo view Probe position and acquisition guidance for this echocardiographic view. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open this view in Probe Lab →](https://echosuite.app/#psaxApex) ## Probe position Start left parasternal; slide 1-2 spaces inferior and lateral if needed ## Acquire the view Continue the inferior sweep toward the apex until the papillary muscles disappear and the LV cavity becomes small. ## Optimize the image Sweep until the LV cavity nearly disappears so apical disease is not missed. ## Practice in EchoSuite The interactive lab pairs the probe and mannequin with the corresponding clinical reference cine. Enter Practice to move the probe and follow the view’s acquisition coaching. [Practice Parasternal short axis, apical level](https://echosuite.app/#psaxApex) · [Browse measurement guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) ## Source This is the same acquisition wording used in EchoSuite’s Probe Lab. Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, et al. Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(1):1–64. [Primary reference](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30282592/) ## Keep exploring - [Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) [Choose a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/) · [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-inflow/ # RV inflow echo view Probe position and acquisition guidance for this echocardiographic view. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open this view in Probe Lab →](https://echosuite.app/#rvInflow) ## Probe position 3rd-4th interspace, immediately left of the sternum ## Acquire the view From PLAX, tilt inferiorly toward the patient’s right hip; add slight counterclockwise rotation to center the tricuspid valve. ## Optimize the image Center the tricuspid valve and include substantial RV and RA; avoid drifting back into PLAX. ## Practice in EchoSuite The interactive lab pairs the probe and mannequin with the corresponding clinical reference cine. Enter Practice to move the probe and follow the view’s acquisition coaching. [Practice RV inflow](https://echosuite.app/#rvInflow) · [Browse measurement guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) ## Source This is the same acquisition wording used in EchoSuite’s Probe Lab. Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, et al. Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(1):1–64. [Primary reference](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30282592/) ## Keep exploring - [Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) - [Right-heart echocardiography: views, measurements and calculators](https://echosuite.app/learn/right-heart-echo/) - [Tricuspid regurgitation calculator: PISA quantification](https://echosuite.app/guides/tr-pisa/) - [RVSP and PASP calculator: tricuspid regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/rvsp/) [Choose a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/) · [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-outflow/ # RV outflow echo view Probe position and acquisition guidance for this echocardiographic view. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open this view in Probe Lab →](https://echosuite.app/#rvOutflow) ## Probe position 3rd-4th interspace, immediately left of the sternum ## Acquire the view From PLAX, tilt anteriorly and rotate slightly clockwise until the RVOT, pulmonary valve, and main PA appear. ## Optimize the image Show two pulmonary-valve leaflets and as much of the main PA as possible. ## Practice in EchoSuite The interactive lab pairs the probe and mannequin with the corresponding clinical reference cine. Enter Practice to move the probe and follow the view’s acquisition coaching. [Practice RV outflow](https://echosuite.app/#rvOutflow) · [Browse measurement guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) ## Source This is the same acquisition wording used in EchoSuite’s Probe Lab. Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, et al. Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(1):1–64. [Primary reference](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30282592/) ## Keep exploring - [Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) - [Right-heart echocardiography: views, measurements and calculators](https://echosuite.app/learn/right-heart-echo/) - [Right ventricular size calculator and measurement guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-size-calc/) - [Pulmonary artery pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/pa-pressure/) - [Mean pulmonary artery pressure calculator: RVOT acceleration time](https://echosuite.app/guides/mpap-rvot/) - [Pulmonary vascular resistance calculator: echo Doppler method](https://echosuite.app/guides/pvr/) - [Qp/Qs calculator: pulmonary to systemic flow ratio](https://echosuite.app/guides/qpqs/) - [Atrial septal defect: shunt and Doppler calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/asd/) [Choose a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/) · [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-five-chamber/ # Apical five chamber echo view Probe position and acquisition guidance for this echocardiographic view. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open this view in Probe Lab →](https://echosuite.app/#a5c) ## Probe position At the apical impulse, low and lateral on the left chest ## Acquire the view Keep the A4C contact point and tilt the beam anteriorly until the LVOT and aortic valve enter the center. ## Optimize the image Use only enough anterior tilt to open the LVOT; excessive tilt loses chamber length. ## Practice in EchoSuite The interactive lab pairs the probe and mannequin with the corresponding clinical reference cine. Enter Practice to move the probe and follow the view’s acquisition coaching. [Practice Apical five chamber](https://echosuite.app/#a5c) · [Browse measurement guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) ## Source This is the same acquisition wording used in EchoSuite’s Probe Lab. Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, et al. Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(1):1–64. [Primary reference](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30282592/) ## Keep exploring - [Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) - [Aortic stenosis: from echo views to the continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/learn/aortic-stenosis-continuity/) - [Aortic valve area calculator: continuity equation and stress echo](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-stenosis/) - [Mitral valve area calculator: continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-continuity/) - [Aortic regurgitation PISA calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-pisa/) - [Aortic regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-continuity/) - [Mitral regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-continuity/) - [Left ventricular pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/) [Choose a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/) · [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-two-chamber/ # Apical two chamber echo view Probe position and acquisition guidance for this echocardiographic view. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open this view in Probe Lab →](https://echosuite.app/#a2c) ## Probe position At the apical impulse, low and lateral on the left chest ## Acquire the view From A4C, rotate roughly 60° counterclockwise without sliding off the apex. ## Optimize the image Exclude the right heart and maximize LV length; show the anterior and inferior walls. ## Practice in EchoSuite The interactive lab pairs the probe and mannequin with the corresponding clinical reference cine. Enter Practice to move the probe and follow the view’s acquisition coaching. [Practice Apical two chamber](https://echosuite.app/#a2c) · [Browse measurement guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) ## Source This is the same acquisition wording used in EchoSuite’s Probe Lab. Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, et al. Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(1):1–64. [Primary reference](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30282592/) ## Keep exploring - [Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) - [Left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/lv-volumes-ejection-fraction/) - [Aortic regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-continuity/) - [Mitral regurgitation PISA calculator: EROA and regurgitant volume](https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-pisa/) - [Mitral regurgitation calculator: continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-continuity/) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/) - [Left atrial volume index calculator: LAVI](https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/) - [Left ventricular volume index calculator: EDV and ESV](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-volume-index/) [Choose a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/) · [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-three-chamber/ # Apical three chamber (apical long axis) echo view Probe position and acquisition guidance for this echocardiographic view. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) [Open this view in Probe Lab →](https://echosuite.app/#a3c) ## Probe position At the apical impulse, low and lateral on the left chest ## Acquire the view From A2C, rotate roughly another 60° counterclockwise to bring in the LVOT, aortic valve, and aorta. ## Optimize the image Align the LV, LVOT, aortic valve, and ascending aorta in one continuous long axis. ## Practice in EchoSuite The interactive lab pairs the probe and mannequin with the corresponding clinical reference cine. Enter Practice to move the probe and follow the view’s acquisition coaching. [Practice Apical three chamber (apical long axis)](https://echosuite.app/#a3c) · [Browse measurement guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) ## Source This is the same acquisition wording used in EchoSuite’s Probe Lab. Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, et al. Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(1):1–64. [Primary reference](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30282592/) ## Keep exploring - [Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) - [Aortic stenosis: from echo views to the continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/learn/aortic-stenosis-continuity/) - [Aortic valve area calculator: continuity equation and stress echo](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-stenosis/) - [Aortic regurgitation PISA calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-pisa/) - [Mitral regurgitation PISA calculator: EROA and regurgitant volume](https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-pisa/) - [Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity](https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/) - [Left ventricular pressure calculator](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/) - [Global longitudinal strain calculator: LV GLS and serial change](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-gls/) [Choose a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/) · [All echo guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/agents/ # Tools & resources Read the tool’s purpose, inputs, units, acquisition guidance and sources before opening its interactive calculator. ## Browse EchoSuite - [Learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) - [Teaching resources](https://echosuite.app/teach/) - [Complete guide text](https://echosuite.app/llms-full.txt) - [Calculator & probe guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) - [Calculator & view catalogue (JSON)](https://echosuite.app/site-index.json) - [Site index (text)](https://echosuite.app/llms.txt) - [Sitemap](https://echosuite.app/sitemap.xml) ## Find a calculator - Choose a tool in the catalogue and read its guide, method and reference context. - Follow its interactive URL. Calculator fields have accessible labels and explicit units. - Use “How it works” for acquisition figures and “Reference” for the method’s criteria. “Try a worked example” uses illustrative values. - Follow the guide’s primary references when checking a clinical claim. Review status is recorded with each tool. No patient information is needed to explore. Inputs and results are not sent to site analytics; browser drafts and favourites are local. The site does not provide a public patient-data submission API. ## Probe Lab Read the 15 view guides for probe position, acquisition and optimization, then use the interactive view links in the catalogue to open the corresponding 3D probe and echo view. The text guides can be read without loading the 3D scene. [Explore the guides →](https://echosuite.app/guides/) --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/echo-simulator/ ECHOSUITE PROBE LAB # An echo simulator you can open in your browser. Practice transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) probe movements in a 3D lab. Explore 15 echo views with an interactive probe, a mannequin and acquisition guidance. [Open echo simulator →](https://echosuite.app/#plax)[Follow the view learning path →](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · [Sources & educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/) Explore probe position, anatomy and the corresponding echo view in one lab. ## Choose a view. Move the probe. Explore the image. - Start with a standard view. Open a view target and read its probe-position and acquisition guide. - Enter Practice. Drag the probe’s grip, marker or tail to explore its movements. Touch controls work on phones and tablets; you can also use the lab on a desktop. - Compare the teaching images. Explore the simulated ultrasound and the separately identified clinical reference cines. Simulation and clinical recordings remain distinct. Adjust depth, explore skin, glass and anatomy layers, and return to the view targets as you practice. ## Explore all 15 echo views Each view has a readable guide to probe position, acquisition and image optimization, plus a direct link into Probe Lab. - [Parasternal long axis](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/) Read the acquisition guide · [Open this view in the simulator](https://echosuite.app/#plax) - [Apical four chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) Read the acquisition guide · [Open this view in the simulator](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) - [Subcostal four chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/subcostal-four-chamber/) Read the acquisition guide · [Open this view in the simulator](https://echosuite.app/#subcostal4c) - [Subcostal IVC long axis](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/inferior-vena-cava/) Read the acquisition guide · [Open this view in the simulator](https://echosuite.app/#ivc) - [Abdominal aorta long axis](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/abdominal-aorta/) Read the acquisition guide · [Open this view in the simulator](https://echosuite.app/#abdAo) - [Suprasternal notch, aortic arch](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/suprasternal-aortic-arch/) Read the acquisition guide · [Open this view in the simulator](https://echosuite.app/#ssn) - [Parasternal short axis, aortic valve level](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-aortic-valve/) Read the acquisition guide · [Open this view in the simulator](https://echosuite.app/#psaxAV) - [Parasternal short axis, mitral valve level](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-mitral-valve/) Read the acquisition guide · [Open this view in the simulator](https://echosuite.app/#psaxMV) - [Parasternal short axis, papillary muscle level](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-papillary-muscles/) Read the acquisition guide · [Open this view in the simulator](https://echosuite.app/#psaxPM) - [Parasternal short axis, apical level](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-apex/) Read the acquisition guide · [Open this view in the simulator](https://echosuite.app/#psaxApex) - [RV inflow](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-inflow/) Read the acquisition guide · [Open this view in the simulator](https://echosuite.app/#rvInflow) - [RV outflow](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-outflow/) Read the acquisition guide · [Open this view in the simulator](https://echosuite.app/#rvOutflow) - [Apical five chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-five-chamber/) Read the acquisition guide · [Open this view in the simulator](https://echosuite.app/#a5c) - [Apical two chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-two-chamber/) Read the acquisition guide · [Open this view in the simulator](https://echosuite.app/#a2c) - [Apical three chamber (apical long axis)](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-three-chamber/) Read the acquisition guide · [Open this view in the simulator](https://echosuite.app/#a3c) ## From the view to the measurement Continue from probe practice to the acquisition guides and interactive calculators. Follow a focused path through [aortic stenosis and the continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/learn/aortic-stenosis-continuity/), [LV volumes and ejection fraction](https://echosuite.app/learn/lv-volumes-ejection-fraction/), or [right-heart echocardiography](https://echosuite.app/learn/right-heart-echo/). [Browse measurement guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) · [Use EchoSuite in a teaching session](https://echosuite.app/teach/) ## Before you open the lab Do I need to sign in or install an app? No sign-in or app installation is required to explore Probe Lab. The interactive simulator runs in your browser and requires JavaScript and WebGL 2. Can I use the echo simulator on a phone or tablet? Yes. Probe Lab supports touch controls on phones and tablets, as well as desktop interaction. Are the ultrasound images simulated or clinical? The lab includes simulated ultrasound and separate clinical reference cines. The simulated image belongs to the 3D teaching model; the clinical cine is a reference recording. Can I read the view guides without loading the simulator? Yes. The acquisition guides are separate reading pages and work without JavaScript or the 3D scene. EchoSuite is an educational product. It does not replace supervised scanning or clinical judgment. [Read about its sources and educational scope](https://echosuite.app/about/). ## Practice together Share the simulator with a colleague or add it to a teaching session. --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/learn/ LEARN WITH ECHOSUITE # See the view. Understand the measurement. A probe position, an echo image, a calculation. Bring them together with short learning paths you can explore in your browser. [Start in Probe Lab →](https://echosuite.app/#plax)[Explore 70 calculators →](https://echosuite.app/calculators/) Explore how probe position relates to the echo image, then follow the measurement into its calculator. ## Choose a learning path - [Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) Explore 15 echo views with probe-position guides and EchoSuite’s interactive 3D Probe Lab. - [Aortic stenosis: from echo views to the continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/learn/aortic-stenosis-continuity/) Connect LVOT and aortic echo views with the aortic valve area calculator, acquisition teaching and primary references. - [Left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/lv-volumes-ejection-fraction/) Explore apical views, LV volume indexing and the ejection fraction calculator with acquisition guidance and sources. - [Right-heart echocardiography: views, measurements and calculators](https://echosuite.app/learn/right-heart-echo/) Explore right-heart echo views and the RV size, RV function, right atrial pressure and RVSP calculators. ## Use it your way Starting with echo? Begin with the standard echo views. Read the probe-position guide, open the matching view, then enter Practice to move the probe. Looking for a calculation? Browse 70 tools with explicit units, acquisition guidance, formulas and sources. Try illustrative worked examples in the calculators. Teaching a group? Share a learning path, a particular probe view or a single measurement guide. [Get teaching links and a course description](https://echosuite.app/teach/). What do I need? The reading guides work without JavaScript. The interactive lab uses JavaScript and WebGL 2; the calculators use JavaScript. No sign-in is required to explore the tools. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · EchoSuite education ## Bring someone along Send this page to a colleague or use it in a teaching session. Everyone starts with the same set of views and tools. --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/ # Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views Build familiarity with the standard views by pairing each acquisition guide with its matching probe and mannequin view in Probe Lab. Use Practice to explore the probe controls and acquisition coaching. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · EchoSuite education - ## Start with the parasternal views Open parasternal long axis, then explore the short-axis levels. Each guide has the probe position, acquisition wording and image-optimization notes used in the lab. [Read: Parasternal long axis](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/) · [Open Parasternal long axis in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#plax) [Read: Parasternal short axis, aortic valve level](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-aortic-valve/) · [Open Parasternal short axis, aortic valve level in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#psaxAV) [Read: Parasternal short axis, mitral valve level](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-mitral-valve/) · [Open Parasternal short axis, mitral valve level in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#psaxMV) [Read: Parasternal short axis, papillary muscle level](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-papillary-muscles/) · [Open Parasternal short axis, papillary muscle level in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#psaxPM) [Read: Parasternal short axis, apical level](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-apex/) · [Open Parasternal short axis, apical level in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#psaxApex) - ## Explore the apical views Move between the four-, five-, two- and three-chamber guides and their corresponding views in Probe Lab. [Read: Apical four chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open Apical four chamber in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) [Read: Apical five chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-five-chamber/) · [Open Apical five chamber in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a5c) [Read: Apical two chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-two-chamber/) · [Open Apical two chamber in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a2c) [Read: Apical three chamber (apical long axis)](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-three-chamber/) · [Open Apical three chamber (apical long axis) in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a3c) - ## Find the subcostal and right-heart views Explore the subcostal four-chamber and IVC views, then compare the RV inflow and outflow views. Read each acquisition guide before opening its practice target. [Read: Subcostal four chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/subcostal-four-chamber/) · [Open Subcostal four chamber in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#subcostal4c) [Read: Subcostal IVC long axis](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/inferior-vena-cava/) · [Open Subcostal IVC long axis in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#ivc) [Read: RV inflow](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-inflow/) · [Open RV inflow in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#rvInflow) [Read: RV outflow](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-outflow/) · [Open RV outflow in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#rvOutflow) - ## Continue to the aorta Finish the view collection with the abdominal aorta and suprasternal aortic arch guides, then return to any view for more practice. [Read: Abdominal aorta long axis](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/abdominal-aorta/) · [Open Abdominal aorta long axis in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#abdAo) [Read: Suprasternal notch, aortic arch](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/suprasternal-aortic-arch/) · [Open Suprasternal notch, aortic arch in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#ssn) ## Keep exploring - [Aortic stenosis: from echo views to the continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/learn/aortic-stenosis-continuity/) Connect LVOT and aortic echo views with the aortic valve area calculator, acquisition teaching and primary references. - [Left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/lv-volumes-ejection-fraction/) Explore apical views, LV volume indexing and the ejection fraction calculator with acquisition guidance and sources. - [Right-heart echocardiography: views, measurements and calculators](https://echosuite.app/learn/right-heart-echo/) Explore right-heart echo views and the RV size, RV function, right atrial pressure and RVSP calculators. [All measurement and view guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) ## Bring someone along Send this page to a colleague or use it in a teaching session. Everyone starts with the same set of views and tools. --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/learn/aortic-stenosis-continuity/ # Aortic stenosis: from echo views to the continuity equation Follow the existing guides from probe views to the measurements used by EchoSuite’s aortic stenosis tool. Open the interactive calculator for its acquisition figures, method choices and reference context. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · EchoSuite education - ## Explore the relevant echo views Review parasternal long axis and the apical five- and three-chamber views in the acquisition guides and Probe Lab. [Read: Parasternal long axis](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/) · [Open Parasternal long axis in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#plax) [Read: Apical five chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-five-chamber/) · [Open Apical five chamber in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a5c) [Read: Apical three chamber (apical long axis)](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-three-chamber/) · [Open Apical three chamber (apical long axis) in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a3c) - ## Review LVOT flow measurements Open the LVOT stroke-volume and cardiac-output guide to review the measurements, units, formula and sources. The calculator’s How it works section contains its acquisition teaching. [LVOT stroke volume and cardiac output calculator guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/lvot-flow/) · [Open calculator](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lvot-flow) - ## Explore aortic valve area Continue to the aortic stenosis continuity tool. Try its worked example, inspect the formula and browse the references alongside the method’s qualifications. [Aortic valve area calculator: continuity equation and stress echo guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-stenosis/) · [Open calculator](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#aortic-stenosis) ## Keep exploring - [Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) Explore 15 echo views with probe-position guides and EchoSuite’s interactive 3D Probe Lab. - [Left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/lv-volumes-ejection-fraction/) Explore apical views, LV volume indexing and the ejection fraction calculator with acquisition guidance and sources. - [Right-heart echocardiography: views, measurements and calculators](https://echosuite.app/learn/right-heart-echo/) Explore right-heart echo views and the RV size, RV function, right atrial pressure and RVSP calculators. [All measurement and view guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) ## Bring someone along Send this page to a colleague or use it in a teaching session. Everyone starts with the same set of views and tools. --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/learn/lv-volumes-ejection-fraction/ # Left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: a learning path Connect the apical view guides with EchoSuite’s LV volume and ejection fraction tools. Keep the selected measurement method and its references together as you explore. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · EchoSuite education - ## Explore the apical four- and two-chamber views Read the acquisition and image-optimization notes, then open the matching views in Probe Lab. [Read: Apical four chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open Apical four chamber in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) [Read: Apical two chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-two-chamber/) · [Open Apical two chamber in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a2c) - ## Review volume measurements and indexing Explore the LV volumes tool’s method choices and measurement guidance. The body surface area tool provides a separate place to review height, weight and units. [Left ventricular volume index calculator: EDV and ESV guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-volume-index/) · [Open calculator](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lv-volume-index) [Body surface area calculator: height and weight guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/bsa/) · [Open calculator](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#bsa) - ## Work through ejection fraction Open the LVEF calculator and try the worked example. Compare the entered volumes with the formula, then explore the acquisition teaching and the references for the chosen method. [Left ventricular ejection fraction calculator: LVEF guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-ef/) · [Open calculator](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lv-ef) ## Keep exploring - [Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) Explore 15 echo views with probe-position guides and EchoSuite’s interactive 3D Probe Lab. - [Aortic stenosis: from echo views to the continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/learn/aortic-stenosis-continuity/) Connect LVOT and aortic echo views with the aortic valve area calculator, acquisition teaching and primary references. - [Right-heart echocardiography: views, measurements and calculators](https://echosuite.app/learn/right-heart-echo/) Explore right-heart echo views and the RV size, RV function, right atrial pressure and RVSP calculators. [All measurement and view guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) ## Bring someone along Send this page to a colleague or use it in a teaching session. Everyone starts with the same set of views and tools. --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/learn/right-heart-echo/ # Right-heart echocardiography: views, measurements and calculators Use the existing view and measurement guides to navigate EchoSuite’s right-heart tools. Each calculator retains its own acquisition requirements, method limits and reference context. Created by [Mohammed Kamareddine, MD](https://echosuite.app/about/) · EchoSuite education - ## Explore the right-heart views Start with apical four chamber, RV inflow and RV outflow. Read each view’s acquisition notes and open the matching Probe Lab view. [Read: Apical four chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/) · [Open Apical four chamber in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) [Read: RV inflow](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-inflow/) · [Open RV inflow in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#rvInflow) [Read: RV outflow](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-outflow/) · [Open RV outflow in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#rvOutflow) - ## Browse chamber size and RV function Explore the right atrial size, RV size and RV function tools. Their acquisition teaching and reference sections can be browsed alongside the measurement inputs. [Right atrial size calculator and measurement guide guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/ra-size/) · [Open calculator](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#ra-size) [Right ventricular size calculator and measurement guide guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-size-calc/) · [Open calculator](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#rv-size-calc) [Right ventricular function calculator: TAPSE, FAC and coupling guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-function-calc/) · [Open calculator](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#rv-function-calc) - ## Continue to pressure estimates Read the IVC view guide, then explore the right atrial pressure and RVSP/PASP tools. Review the required signals and qualifications in each calculator. [Read: Subcostal IVC long axis](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/inferior-vena-cava/) · [Open Subcostal IVC long axis in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#ivc) [Read: Subcostal four chamber](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/subcostal-four-chamber/) · [Open Subcostal four chamber in Probe Lab](https://echosuite.app/#subcostal4c) [Right atrial pressure assessment: IVC and hepatic vein flow guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/rap/) · [Open calculator](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#rap) [RVSP and PASP calculator: tricuspid regurgitation velocity guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/rvsp/) · [Open calculator](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#rvsp) ## Keep exploring - [Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) Explore 15 echo views with probe-position guides and EchoSuite’s interactive 3D Probe Lab. - [Aortic stenosis: from echo views to the continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/learn/aortic-stenosis-continuity/) Connect LVOT and aortic echo views with the aortic valve area calculator, acquisition teaching and primary references. - [Left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/lv-volumes-ejection-fraction/) Explore apical views, LV volume indexing and the ejection fraction calculator with acquisition guidance and sources. [All measurement and view guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) ## Bring someone along Send this page to a colleague or use it in a teaching session. Everyone starts with the same set of views and tools. --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/teach/ # Make your next echo session interactive. Give learners a view to practice and a measurement to understand. These links open directly in the browser, with no account setup. ## Pick a session - [Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views](https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/) Explore 15 echo views with probe-position guides and EchoSuite’s interactive 3D Probe Lab. - [Aortic stenosis: from echo views to the continuity equation](https://echosuite.app/learn/aortic-stenosis-continuity/) Connect LVOT and aortic echo views with the aortic valve area calculator, acquisition teaching and primary references. - [Left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: a learning path](https://echosuite.app/learn/lv-volumes-ejection-fraction/) Explore apical views, LV volume indexing and the ejection fraction calculator with acquisition guidance and sources. - [Right-heart echocardiography: views, measurements and calculators](https://echosuite.app/learn/right-heart-echo/) Explore right-heart echo views and the RV size, RV function, right atrial pressure and RVSP calculators. ## Share one focused task - [Open the parasternal long-axis view](https://echosuite.app/#plax) · [Read its acquisition guide](https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/) - [Open the apical four-chamber view](https://echosuite.app/#a4c) · [Explore ejection fraction](https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-ef/) - [Open the aortic valve area calculator](https://echosuite.app/calculators/#aortic-stenosis) · [Read the continuity method](https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-stenosis/) - [Find any of the 70 calculator or 15 view guides](https://echosuite.app/guides/) Link to the tool or guide from your course page. Public access does not change the rights of third-party anatomy or clinical media; sources and licences are available in About. ## Add EchoSuite to your course resources Explore echocardiography with EchoSuite: a browser-based 3D probe lab with 15 echo views and 70 calculators. Follow a learning path from probe position to measurement acquisition, formula and primary references. Start at https://echosuite.app/learn/. ## A simple teaching session - Open a view guide and ask learners to explain the probe position. - Open that view in Probe Lab. Enter Practice and explore the probe movements. - Open a related calculator’s acquisition guide, then try its worked example. - Discuss the method’s assumptions and source references. Worked examples are illustrative. Learning paths organize the existing tools; they are not a credential, curriculum accreditation or a clinical protocol. ## Bring someone along Send this page to a colleague or use it in a teaching session. Everyone starts with the same set of views and tools. --- Canonical: https://echosuite.app/about/ # Built to connect the probe, the image and the measurement. EchoSuite is an echocardiography education platform created by Mohammed Kamareddine, MD. It combines an interactive 3D probe lab, 15 echo-view guides and 70 calculators. ## Who it is for Medical students, sonography learners, cardiology trainees and educators can explore the connection between acquiring a view and understanding a measurement. [Explore the learning paths](https://echosuite.app/learn/) · [Use EchoSuite in teaching](https://echosuite.app/teach/) ## How the guides are produced Calculator guides are generated from the same tool catalogue used by the interactive calculators. They expose the listed inputs, units, acquisition steps, formulas and source references. Probe-view guides use the acquisition wording shown in Probe Lab. Each guide links to its own source context. A cited guideline is a reference for the stated method, not an endorsement of EchoSuite. Catalogue review status is shown where it exists; publication or a source year is not a claim of independent clinical validation. No clinical review date is implied. ## Educational scope EchoSuite supports learning and exploration. It is not a diagnostic medical device and does not replace supervised scanning or clinical judgment. The calculator’s method choices and acquisition requirements remain part of the result’s context. Worked examples are illustrative and separate from measurements you enter. No patient information is needed to explore the site. ## Sources, rights and privacy Original EchoSuite teaching overlays and software © Mohammed Kamareddine, MD. Third-party anatomy and clinical media retain their listed licences, available from the About menu in each workspace. Public access does not grant permission to redistribute those assets. Usage analytics count public product routes and fixed usage events. Calculator inputs, results and search text are excluded. Browser drafts and favourites stay on the device; privacy controls are available in About. ## Contact and corrections Found a problem or have a teaching suggestion? Include the guide or calculator link and describe the issue without patient details. [Email Mohammed](mailto:mohammed@echosuite.fyi) · [Twitter / X](https://x.com/m__kamareddine) · [Instagram @mkamareddine](https://www.instagram.com/mkamareddine/)