{"schemaVersion":2,"name":"EchoSuite","url":"https://echosuite.app","purpose":"Browser-based echocardiography simulator and acquisition-guided echo calculators.","simulator":{"name":"EchoSuite Probe Lab","description":"Interactive 3D TTE echo simulator with 15 views, simulated ultrasound and clinical reference cines.","overviewURL":"https://echosuite.app/echo-simulator/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/","learningPathURL":"https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/","viewCount":15},"guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/","agentGuideURL":"https://echosuite.app/agents/","learningPaths":[{"slug":"echo-simulator","title":"Echocardiography simulator: learn the standard echo views","description":"Explore 15 echo views with probe-position guides and EchoSuite’s interactive 3D Probe Lab.","intro":"Build familiarity with the standard views by pairing each acquisition guide with its matching probe and mannequin view in Probe Lab. Use Practice to explore the probe controls and acquisition coaching.","steps":[{"title":"Start with the parasternal views","body":"Open parasternal long axis, then explore the short-axis levels. Each guide has the probe position, acquisition wording and image-optimization notes used in the lab.","viewIds":["plax","psaxAV","psaxMV","psaxPM","psaxApex"],"calculatorIds":[]},{"title":"Explore the apical views","body":"Move between the four-, five-, two- and three-chamber guides and their corresponding views in Probe Lab.","viewIds":["a4c","a5c","a2c","a3c"],"calculatorIds":[]},{"title":"Find the subcostal and right-heart views","body":"Explore the subcostal four-chamber and IVC views, then compare the RV inflow and outflow views. Read each acquisition guide before opening its practice target.","viewIds":["subcostal4c","ivc","rvInflow","rvOutflow"],"calculatorIds":[]},{"title":"Continue to the aorta","body":"Finish the view collection with the abdominal aorta and suprasternal aortic arch guides, then return to any view for more practice.","viewIds":["abdAo","ssn"],"calculatorIds":[]}],"url":"https://echosuite.app/learn/echo-simulator/"},{"slug":"aortic-stenosis-continuity","title":"Aortic stenosis: from echo views to the continuity equation","description":"Connect LVOT and aortic echo views with the aortic valve area calculator, acquisition teaching and primary references.","intro":"Follow the existing guides from probe views to the measurements used by EchoSuite’s aortic stenosis tool. Open the interactive calculator for its acquisition figures, method choices and reference context.","steps":[{"title":"Explore the relevant echo views","body":"Review parasternal long axis and the apical five- and three-chamber views in the acquisition guides and Probe Lab.","viewIds":["plax","a5c","a3c"],"calculatorIds":[]},{"title":"Review LVOT flow measurements","body":"Open the LVOT stroke-volume and cardiac-output guide to review the measurements, units, formula and sources. The calculator’s How it works section contains its acquisition teaching.","viewIds":[],"calculatorIds":["lvot-flow"]},{"title":"Explore aortic valve area","body":"Continue to the aortic stenosis continuity tool. Try its worked example, inspect the formula and browse the references alongside the method’s qualifications.","viewIds":[],"calculatorIds":["aortic-stenosis"]}],"url":"https://echosuite.app/learn/aortic-stenosis-continuity/"},{"slug":"lv-volumes-ejection-fraction","title":"Left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: a learning path","description":"Explore apical views, LV volume indexing and the ejection fraction calculator with acquisition guidance and sources.","intro":"Connect the apical view guides with EchoSuite’s LV volume and ejection fraction tools. Keep the selected measurement method and its references together as you explore.","steps":[{"title":"Explore the apical four- and two-chamber views","body":"Read the acquisition and image-optimization notes, then open the matching views in Probe Lab.","viewIds":["a4c","a2c"],"calculatorIds":[]},{"title":"Review volume measurements and indexing","body":"Explore the LV volumes tool’s method choices and measurement guidance. The body surface area tool provides a separate place to review height, weight and units.","viewIds":[],"calculatorIds":["lv-volume-index","bsa"]},{"title":"Work through ejection fraction","body":"Open the LVEF calculator and try the worked example. Compare the entered volumes with the formula, then explore the acquisition teaching and the references for the chosen method.","viewIds":[],"calculatorIds":["lv-ef"]}],"url":"https://echosuite.app/learn/lv-volumes-ejection-fraction/"},{"slug":"right-heart-echo","title":"Right-heart echocardiography: views, measurements and calculators","description":"Explore right-heart echo views and the RV size, RV function, right atrial pressure and RVSP calculators.","intro":"Use the existing view and measurement guides to navigate EchoSuite’s right-heart tools. Each calculator retains its own acquisition requirements, method limits and reference context.","steps":[{"title":"Explore the right-heart views","body":"Start with apical four chamber, RV inflow and RV outflow. Read each view’s acquisition notes and open the matching Probe Lab view.","viewIds":["a4c","rvInflow","rvOutflow"],"calculatorIds":[]},{"title":"Browse chamber size and RV function","body":"Explore the right atrial size, RV size and RV function tools. Their acquisition teaching and reference sections can be browsed alongside the measurement inputs.","viewIds":[],"calculatorIds":["ra-size","rv-size-calc","rv-function-calc"]},{"title":"Continue to pressure estimates","body":"Read the IVC view guide, then explore the right atrial pressure and RVSP/PASP tools. Review the required signals and qualifications in each calculator.","viewIds":["ivc","subcostal4c"],"calculatorIds":["rap","rvsp"]}],"url":"https://echosuite.app/learn/right-heart-echo/"}],"author":{"name":"Mohammed Kamareddine, MD","url":"https://echosuite.app/about/"},"access":{"signInRequired":false,"readingRequiresJavaScript":false,"calculatorsRequireJavaScript":true,"probeLabRequiresWebGL2":true,"publicCalculationAPI":false},"views":[{"id":"plax","name":"Parasternal long axis","url":"https://echosuite.app/#plax","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/views/plax/","acquisition":{"move":"Place the patient left lateral, set the probe beside the sternum, and aim through the LV long axis.","optimization":"Slide one interspace at a time and maximize LV length without showing papillary muscle.","contact":"3rd-4th interspace, immediately left of the sternum"}},{"id":"a4c","name":"Apical four chamber","url":"https://echosuite.app/#a4c","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-four-chamber/","acquisition":{"move":"Place the probe at the true apical impulse and aim medially toward the base of the heart.","optimization":"Avoid foreshortening: center a pointed apex and maximize both ventricles and atria.","contact":"At the apical impulse, low and lateral on the left chest"}},{"id":"subcostal4c","name":"Subcostal four chamber","url":"https://echosuite.app/#subcostal4c","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/views/subcostal-four-chamber/","acquisition":{"move":"With the patient supine, flatten the probe below the xiphoid and aim toward the left shoulder using the liver as the window.","optimization":"Use held inspiration if helpful and keep both septa perpendicular to the beam.","contact":"Immediately inferior to the xiphoid, aimed beneath the costal margin"}},{"id":"ivc","name":"Subcostal IVC long axis","url":"https://echosuite.app/#ivc","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/views/inferior-vena-cava/","acquisition":{"move":"From subcostal four chamber, rotate counterclockwise to a sagittal plane and aim through the liver toward the RA.","optimization":"Show several centimeters of IVC entering the RA and include a full respiratory cycle.","contact":"Just right of midline, immediately inferior to the xiphoid"}},{"id":"abdAo","name":"Abdominal aorta long axis","url":"https://echosuite.app/#abdAo","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/views/abdominal-aorta/","acquisition":{"move":"Keep the probe sagittal, slide slightly left of midline, and angle posteriorly until the aorta lies over the vertebral body.","optimization":"Confirm a pulsatile thick-walled vessel anterior to the spine and follow it longitudinally.","contact":"Just left of midline, immediately inferior to the xiphoid"}},{"id":"ssn","name":"Suprasternal notch, aortic arch","url":"https://echosuite.app/#ssn","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/views/suprasternal-aortic-arch/","acquisition":{"move":"Extend the neck, place the probe in the notch, and aim toward the plane between the right nipple and left scapular tip.","optimization":"Trace the ascending, transverse, and descending arch and identify the branch vessels when possible.","contact":"In the suprasternal notch with the neck gently extended"}},{"id":"psaxAV","name":"Parasternal short axis, aortic valve level","url":"https://echosuite.app/#psaxAV","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-aortic-valve/","acquisition":{"move":"Rotate about 90° clockwise from PLAX, then tilt superiorly toward the base until the aortic valve is centered.","optimization":"Avoid oblique cuts; center the aortic valve with the surrounding right-heart structures.","contact":"3rd-4th interspace, immediately left of the sternum"}},{"id":"psaxMV","name":"Parasternal short axis, mitral valve level","url":"https://echosuite.app/#psaxMV","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-mitral-valve/","acquisition":{"move":"From PSAX aortic level, tilt inferiorly until the mitral leaflets form the fish-mouth appearance.","optimization":"Show the entire mitral orifice with symmetric anterior and posterior leaflet motion.","contact":"3rd-4th interspace, immediately left of the sternum"}},{"id":"psaxPM","name":"Parasternal short axis, papillary muscle level","url":"https://echosuite.app/#psaxPM","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-papillary-muscles/","acquisition":{"move":"Continue tilting inferiorly toward the apex until both papillary muscles are seen within a circular LV.","optimization":"Keep the LV circular and both papillary muscles visible; an oval LV usually means an oblique cut.","contact":"3rd-4th interspace, immediately left of the sternum"}},{"id":"psaxApex","name":"Parasternal short axis, apical level","url":"https://echosuite.app/#psaxApex","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/views/psax-apex/","acquisition":{"move":"Continue the inferior sweep toward the apex until the papillary muscles disappear and the LV cavity becomes small.","optimization":"Sweep until the LV cavity nearly disappears so apical disease is not missed.","contact":"Start left parasternal; slide 1-2 spaces inferior and lateral if needed"}},{"id":"rvInflow","name":"RV inflow","url":"https://echosuite.app/#rvInflow","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-inflow/","acquisition":{"move":"From PLAX, tilt inferiorly toward the patient’s right hip; add slight counterclockwise rotation to center the tricuspid valve.","optimization":"Center the tricuspid valve and include substantial RV and RA; avoid drifting back into PLAX.","contact":"3rd-4th interspace, immediately left of the sternum"}},{"id":"rvOutflow","name":"RV outflow","url":"https://echosuite.app/#rvOutflow","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/views/rv-outflow/","acquisition":{"move":"From PLAX, tilt anteriorly and rotate slightly clockwise until the RVOT, pulmonary valve, and main PA appear.","optimization":"Show two pulmonary-valve leaflets and as much of the main PA as possible.","contact":"3rd-4th interspace, immediately left of the sternum"}},{"id":"a5c","name":"Apical five chamber","url":"https://echosuite.app/#a5c","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-five-chamber/","acquisition":{"move":"Keep the A4C contact point and tilt the beam anteriorly until the LVOT and aortic valve enter the center.","optimization":"Use only enough anterior tilt to open the LVOT; excessive tilt loses chamber length.","contact":"At the apical impulse, low and lateral on the left chest"}},{"id":"a2c","name":"Apical two chamber","url":"https://echosuite.app/#a2c","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-two-chamber/","acquisition":{"move":"From A4C, rotate roughly 60° counterclockwise without sliding off the apex.","optimization":"Exclude the right heart and maximize LV length; show the anterior and inferior walls.","contact":"At the apical impulse, low and lateral on the left chest"}},{"id":"a3c","name":"Apical three chamber (apical long axis)","url":"https://echosuite.app/#a3c","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/views/apical-three-chamber/","acquisition":{"move":"From A2C, rotate roughly another 60° counterclockwise to bring in the LVOT, aortic valve, and aorta.","optimization":"Align the LV, LVOT, aortic valve, and ascending aorta in one continuous long axis.","contact":"At the apical impulse, low and lateral on the left chest"}}],"calculators":[{"id":"aortic-stenosis","name":"Aortic stenosis · continuity & stress","searchName":"Aortic valve area calculator: continuity equation and stress echo","purpose":"Explore aortic valve area with the continuity equation, the required LVOT and aortic Doppler measurements, and the tool’s stress-echo options.","relatedViews":["plax","a5c","a3c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-stenosis/index.md","category":"Stenosis","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-stenosis/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#aortic-stenosis","formula":"AVA = LVOT area × LVOT VTI ÷ AV VTI","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Measurement","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Resting continuity","value":"continuity"},{"label":"Stress comparison","value":"stress"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"continuity"},{"id":"d","label":"LVOT diameter","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["continuity"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"lvot","label":"LVOT VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Pulsed-wave Doppler","steps":["Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract.","Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI."],"title":"Pulsed-wave VTI"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["continuity"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"av","label":"Aortic valve VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler trace","steps":["Use the same aligned CW recording as the peak velocity.","Trace the outer edge of the dense envelope for the relevant phase.","Use the machine-reported VTI in centimeters."],"title":"Jet VTI"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["continuity"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"bsa","label":"Body surface area","unit":"m²","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Record the units, date and measurement source","steps":["Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated.","Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight.","Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results."],"title":"Height and weight"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["continuity"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":4,"initial":""},{"id":"peak","label":"Peak AV velocity","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler","steps":["Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet.","Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation.","Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope."],"title":"Peak jet velocity"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["continuity"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""},{"id":"mean","label":"Mean AV gradient","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Complete traced CW envelope","steps":["Align through the valve or shunt and record a complete envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope using the machine tool.","Use the machine-calculated mean gradient in mmHg."],"title":"Mean gradient"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["continuity"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""},{"id":"lvef","label":"LVEF category","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Preserved · ≥50%","value":"preserved"},{"label":"Reduced · <50%","value":"reduced"}],"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["continuity"]},"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"restSV","label":"Rest · stroke volume","unit":"mL","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["stress"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":500,"initial":""},{"id":"stressSV","label":"Stress · stroke volume","unit":"mL","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["stress"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":500,"initial":""},{"id":"restAVA","label":"Rest · AVA","unit":"cm²","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["stress"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":10,"initial":""},{"id":"stressAVA","label":"Stress · AVA","unit":"cm²","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["stress"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":10,"initial":""},{"id":"restMean","label":"Rest · mean gradient","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["stress"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":200,"initial":""},{"id":"stressMean","label":"Stress · mean gradient","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["stress"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":200,"initial":""},{"id":"restET","label":"Rest · ejection time","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["stress"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":1500,"initial":""},{"id":"stressET","label":"Stress · ejection time","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["stress"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":1500,"initial":""},{"id":"matched","label":"Stage acquisitions","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Matched & reliable","value":"yes"},{"label":"Not comparable","value":"no"},{"label":"Uncertain","value":"unknown"}],"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["stress"]},"maximum":null,"initial":"unknown"}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Continuity equation & acquisition","locator":"Sections on peak velocity, mean gradient and AVA · PDF pp. 4–11","supports":"Multiwindow CW acquisition, LVOT diameter and PW sampling, continuity-derived AVA, indexed AVA, and velocity/VTI ratio.","url":null},{"label":"Hemodynamic ranges","locator":"Table 3 · PDF p. 12","supports":"Peak velocity, mean gradient, AVA, indexed AVA, and velocity-ratio ranges and boundary conventions.","url":null},{"label":"Flow-aware discordance and stress comparison","locator":"Discordant-AS sections pp. 12–15 · Figure 8 and integrated pathway pp. 16–17","supports":"Resting discordance pathway and DSE acquisition/reporting, PDF pp.13–14: same baseline LVOT diameter, stage SV/area/gradient comparison, >20% SV reserve and projected area at 250 mL/s. Projection equation and ≥15% Q-change condition: Ferreira et al., Arq Bras Cardiol 2018;110:132–139, Methods/Discussion, doi:10.5935/abc.20180018.","url":"https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20180018"}],"locator":"Continuity equation and acquisition pp. 4–11 · Table 3 p. 12 · discordant AS pp. 12–15 · integrated pathway and Figure 8 pp. 16–17","organization":"European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Recommendations on the Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focused Update","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017ValveStenosisGuideline.pdf","year":2017}},{"id":"mitral-pht","name":"Mitral valve area · pressure half-time","searchName":"Mitral valve area calculator: pressure half-time","purpose":"Find the pressure half-time method for mitral valve area, with measurement acquisition guidance and source context.","relatedViews":["a4c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pht/index.md","category":"Stenosis","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pht/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#mitral-pht","formula":"MVA = 220 ÷ PHT","fields":[{"id":"pht","label":"Mitral pressure half-time","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"CW Doppler deceleration slope","steps":["Record a complete inflow or regurgitant CW envelope.","Trace the deceleration slope using the machine PHT tool.","Average representative beats and use additional beats in atrial fibrillation."],"title":"Pressure half-time"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":2000,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Equation & acquisition","locator":"PHT method and Figure 8 · PDF pp. 6–8","supports":"MVA = 220/PHT, good-quality transmitral Doppler requirements, linear versus bimodal deceleration-slope tracing, and rhythm averaging.","url":null},{"label":"Current severity ranges","locator":"Table 1 · PDF p. 6","supports":"MVA, PHT, mean gradient at heart rate 60–80 bpm, and systolic PA-pressure ranges for progressive and severe rheumatic MS.","url":null},{"label":"Limitations & integration","locator":"MS hemodynamic discussion · PDF pp. 5–7","supports":"Effects of compliance, LV diastolic pressure, AR, MR, LA fibrosis, subvalvular disease and recent PBMV, plus the requirement for multiparametric grading.","url":null}],"locator":"MS multiparametric approach pp. 5–7 · Table 1 and PHT method p. 6 · Figure 3 p. 7","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Recommendations for the Use of Echocardiography in the Evaluation of Rheumatic Heart Disease","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/PIIS0894731722005211.pdf","year":2023}},{"id":"mitral-continuity","name":"Mitral valve area · continuity","searchName":"Mitral valve area calculator: continuity equation","purpose":"Review the flow and mitral inflow measurements used by the continuity-equation tool for mitral valve area.","relatedViews":["plax","a4c","a5c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-continuity/index.md","category":"Stenosis","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-continuity/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#mitral-continuity","formula":"MVA = LVOT area × LVOT VTI ÷ MV VTI","fields":[{"id":"d","label":"LVOT diameter","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"lvot","label":"LVOT VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Pulsed-wave Doppler","steps":["Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract.","Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI."],"title":"Pulsed-wave VTI"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"mv","label":"Mitral inflow VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler trace","steps":["Use the same aligned CW recording as the peak velocity.","Trace the outer edge of the dense envelope for the relevant phase.","Use the machine-reported VTI in centimeters."],"title":"Jet VTI"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Equation & paired acquisition","locator":"Continuity method · PDF p. 6","supports":"MVA from LVOT cross-sectional area times LVOT VTI divided by mitral VTI, with RVOT/pulmonic substitution when isolated AR is present.","url":null},{"label":"Method limitations","locator":"Continuity method · PDF pp. 6–7","supports":"Compounded measurement error, limited validation, infrequent use, and invalidity with important MR or AR when an appropriate competent reference is not used.","url":null},{"label":"Severity & clinical role","locator":"Table 1 p. 6 · alternative-method recommendation p. 7","supports":"Current MVA grades and use only as a corroborating method when planimetry, PHT, and mean gradient are inconclusive.","url":null}],"locator":"Continuity equation and exclusions p. 6 · alternative methods and recommendation p. 7 · Table 1 p. 6","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Recommendations for the Use of Echocardiography in the Evaluation of Rheumatic Heart Disease","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/PIIS0894731722005211.pdf","year":2023}},{"id":"mitral-pisa","name":"Mitral stenosis · PISA valve area","searchName":"Mitral stenosis · PISA valve area calculator","purpose":"Mitral stenosis · PISA valve area","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pisa/index.md","category":"Stenosis","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-pisa/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#mitral-pisa","formula":"MVA = (2πr²Vₐ ÷ Vmax) × θ/180","fields":[{"id":"r","label":"PISA radius","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Color Doppler · peak-flow frame","steps":["Zoom on the valve and center the flow-convergence region.","Shift the color baseline until the shell is as hemispheric as possible.","Measure from the regurgitant orifice to the first aliasing boundary along the jet centerline."],"title":"PISA radius"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":10,"initial":""},{"id":"va","label":"Aliasing velocity","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Shifted color scale · absolute cm/s","steps":["Use the same color-Doppler frame used for the radius.","Read the Nyquist limit after baseline shift, not the jet velocity.","Enter the absolute displayed value in cm/s."],"title":"Aliasing velocity"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":200,"initial":""},{"id":"vmax","label":"Peak mitral velocity","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler","steps":["Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet.","Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation.","Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope."],"title":"Peak jet velocity"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""},{"id":"theta","label":"Funnel angle θ","unit":"degrees","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":180,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Equation & angle correction","locator":"PISA method · PDF pp. 6–7","supports":"Flow-convergence method, transmitral peak velocity, and angle correction for the nonhemispheric convergence of the funnel-shaped rheumatic valve.","url":null},{"label":"Method limitations","locator":"PISA method · PDF p. 7","supports":"Technical complexity, multiple measurements, geometric assumptions, and lack of recommendation for routine use.","url":null},{"label":"Severity & clinical role","locator":"Table 1 p. 6 · alternative-method recommendation p. 7","supports":"Current MVA grades and use only as a corroborating method when planimetry, PHT, and mean gradient are inconclusive.","url":null}],"locator":"PISA method and angle correction pp. 6–7 · Table 1 p. 6 · alternative-method recommendation p. 7","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Recommendations for the Use of Echocardiography in the Evaluation of Rheumatic Heart Disease","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/PIIS0894731722005211.pdf","year":2023}},{"id":"tricuspid-stenosis","name":"Tricuspid stenosis · significance","searchName":"Tricuspid stenosis · significance calculator","purpose":"Tricuspid stenosis · significance","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/tricuspid-stenosis/index.md","category":"Stenosis","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/tricuspid-stenosis/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#tricuspid-stenosis","formula":"TS reference findings: mean ≥5, PHT ≥190, VTI ≥60, area ≤1","fields":[{"id":"mean","label":"Mean tricuspid gradient","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Complete traced CW envelope","steps":["Align through the valve or shunt and record a complete envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope using the machine tool.","Use the machine-calculated mean gradient in mmHg."],"title":"Mean gradient"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""},{"id":"pht","label":"Pressure half-time","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"CW Doppler deceleration slope","steps":["Record a complete inflow or regurgitant CW envelope.","Trace the deceleration slope using the machine PHT tool.","Average representative beats and use additional beats in atrial fibrillation."],"title":"Pressure half-time"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":2000,"initial":""},{"id":"vti","label":"Tricuspid inflow VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Pulsed-wave Doppler","steps":["Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract.","Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI."],"title":"Pulsed-wave VTI"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"area","label":"Valve area","unit":"cm²","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":25,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"PHT area estimate","locator":"EAE/ASE valve stenosis 2009 · JASE p. 19 · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.029","supports":"The historical 190/PHT estimate is displayed independently without grading or replacing entered valve area. Right-heart compliance, relaxation, respiration and TR limit this method; the guideline notes less validation than for mitral PHT.","url":null},{"label":"Acquisition","locator":"TS hemodynamic section · PDF p. 14","supports":"CW alignment, respiratory and heart-rate effects, and averaging at least five beats.","url":null},{"label":"Significant-range findings","locator":"TS hemodynamic section and key points · PDF p. 14","supports":"Mean gradient at least 5 mmHg, inflow VTI at least 60 cm, PHT at least 190 ms, and valve area at most 1.0 cm².","url":null},{"label":"Integration & limitations","locator":"TS key points and recommendations · PDF p. 14","supports":"Multiparametric severity assessment, right-atrial and pulmonary-pressure context, associated valve disease, and reduced reliability of PHT-derived area.","url":null}],"locator":"Rheumatic TS anatomy and hemodynamics pp. 13–14 · key points and recommendations p. 14","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Recommendations for the Use of Echocardiography in the Evaluation of Rheumatic Heart Disease","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/PIIS0894731722005211.pdf","year":2023}},{"id":"pulmonic-stenosis","name":"Pulmonic stenosis · peak gradient","searchName":"Pulmonic stenosis · peak gradient calculator","purpose":"Pulmonic stenosis · peak gradient","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/pulmonic-stenosis/index.md","category":"Stenosis","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/pulmonic-stenosis/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#pulmonic-stenosis","formula":"Peak ΔP = 4Vmax²","fields":[{"id":"v","label":"Peak pulmonic velocity","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler","steps":["Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet.","Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation.","Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope."],"title":"Peak jet velocity"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Peak-gradient severity bands","locator":"Table 11 · p. 20","supports":"Mild, moderate and severe valvular pulmonic stenosis bands are peak velocity <3, 3–4 and >4 m/s, respectively, with corresponding peak gradients <36, 36–64 and >64 mmHg.","url":null},{"label":"Acquisition","locator":"§V.B.1.1 · pressure-gradient acquisition, pp. 19–20","supports":"Peak gradient from the simplified Bernoulli equation applied to the highest well-aligned continuous-wave velocity across the pulmonic valve; interrogate multiple windows and exclude subvalvular or supravalvular obstruction before attributing the gradient to the valve.","url":null}],"locator":"§V.B.1.1 · pp. 19–20; Table 11 · p. 20","organization":"European Association of Echocardiography and American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Echocardiographic Assessment of Valve Stenosis: EAE/ASE Recommendations for Clinical Practice","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2009_Echo-Assessment-of-Valve-Stenosis_note_added.pdf","year":2009}},{"id":"ar-pisa","name":"Aortic regurgitation · PISA","searchName":"Aortic regurgitation PISA calculator","purpose":"Review the PISA inputs and Doppler acquisition guidance used to quantify aortic regurgitation.","relatedViews":["plax","a5c","a3c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-pisa/index.md","category":"Regurgitation","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-pisa/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#ar-pisa","formula":"EROA = 2πr²Vₐ ÷ Vmax; RVol = EROA × VTI","fields":[{"id":"r","label":"PISA radius","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Color Doppler · peak-flow frame","steps":["Zoom on the valve and center the flow-convergence region.","Shift the color baseline until the shell is as hemispheric as possible.","Measure from the regurgitant orifice to the first aliasing boundary along the jet centerline."],"title":"PISA radius"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":10,"initial":""},{"id":"va","label":"Aliasing velocity","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Shifted color scale · absolute cm/s","steps":["Use the same color-Doppler frame used for the radius.","Read the Nyquist limit after baseline shift, not the jet velocity.","Enter the absolute displayed value in cm/s."],"title":"Aliasing velocity"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":200,"initial":""},{"id":"vmax","label":"AR Vmax","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler","steps":["Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet.","Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation.","Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope."],"title":"Peak jet velocity"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""},{"id":"vti","label":"AR VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler trace","steps":["Use the same aligned CW recording as the peak velocity.","Trace the outer edge of the dense envelope for the relevant phase.","Use the machine-reported VTI in centimeters."],"title":"Jet VTI"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"sv","label":"LVOT stroke volume","unit":"mL","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":1500,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Equation, phase & acquisition","locator":"AR section p. 34 · Table 10 pp. 35–37 · Figure 21 p. 39","supports":"Early-diastolic radius and peak AR velocity pairing, baseline shift, CW peak/VTI acquisition, and the EROA and regurgitant-volume equations.","url":null},{"label":"Quantitative grades","locator":"Table 11 · PDF p. 38","supports":"Four quantitative EROA, regurgitant-volume, and regurgitant-fraction bands, including the two moderate subgrades.","url":null},{"label":"Limitations & severity integration","locator":"AR section pp. 34–37 · integrative approach pp. 41–42","supports":"Far-field and calcification limitations, nonhemispheric or multiple-jet limitations, and integration with anatomy, vena contracta, aortic flow reversal, LV remodeling, hemodynamics, and data quality.","url":null}],"locator":"AR PISA and flow-convergence method pp. 34–39 · Table 10 pp. 35–37 · Table 11 p. 38 · Figure 21 p. 39 · integrative pathway pp. 41–42","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017VavularRegurgitationGuideline.pdf","year":2017}},{"id":"ar-continuity","name":"Aortic regurgitation · continuity","searchName":"Aortic regurgitation calculator: continuity method","purpose":"Explore the continuity method for aortic regurgitation, with explicit measurement units and the tool’s source context.","relatedViews":["plax","a4c","a2c","a5c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-continuity/index.md","category":"Regurgitation","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/ar-continuity/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#ar-continuity","formula":"RVol = LVOT SV − mitral SV","fields":[{"id":"lvotD","label":"LVOT diameter","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"lvotVti","label":"LVOT VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Pulsed-wave Doppler","steps":["Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract.","Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI."],"title":"Pulsed-wave VTI"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"mvD","label":"Mitral annulus diameter","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"mvVti","label":"Mitral annulus VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Pulsed-wave Doppler","steps":["Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract.","Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI."],"title":"Pulsed-wave VTI"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"jetVti","label":"AR jet VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler trace","steps":["Use the same aligned CW recording as the peak velocity.","Trace the outer edge of the dense envelope for the relevant phase.","Use the machine-reported VTI in centimeters."],"title":"Jet VTI"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Flow calculation","locator":"Quantitative pulsed-Doppler method pp. 7–8 · AR Table 10 p. 37","supports":"Aortic regurgitant volume as LVOT stroke volume minus competent reference stroke volume, with EROA from regurgitant volume divided by AR VTI.","url":null},{"label":"Acquisition & exclusions","locator":"Table 10 · PDF p. 37","supports":"LVOT diameter and PW sampling, mitral annulus measurement in mid-diastole with diastolic annular PW Doppler, measurement-error sensitivity, and invalidity with combined important MR unless a pulmonic reference is used.","url":null},{"label":"Quantitative grades & integration","locator":"Table 11 p. 38 · integrative approach pp. 41–42","supports":"Four quantitative AR bands and the requirement to reconcile quantitative results with the complete anatomic, color, Doppler, and LV response assessment.","url":null}],"locator":"Quantitative flow method pp. 7–8 · AR Table 10 pp. 35–37 · Table 11 p. 38 · integrative pathway pp. 41–42","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017VavularRegurgitationGuideline.pdf","year":2017}},{"id":"mr-pisa","name":"Mitral regurgitation · PISA","searchName":"Mitral regurgitation PISA calculator: EROA and regurgitant volume","purpose":"Connect PISA radius, aliasing velocity and the MR Doppler signal to effective regurgitant orifice area and regurgitant volume. The tool retains its acquisition limits and integrated-assessment context.","relatedViews":["a4c","a2c","a3c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-pisa/index.md","category":"Regurgitation","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-pisa/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#mr-pisa","formula":"EROA = 2πr²Vₐ ÷ Vmax; RVol = EROA × VTI","fields":[{"id":"r","label":"PISA radius","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Color Doppler · peak-flow frame","steps":["Zoom on the valve and center the flow-convergence region.","Shift the color baseline until the shell is as hemispheric as possible.","Measure from the regurgitant orifice to the first aliasing boundary along the jet centerline."],"title":"PISA radius"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":10,"initial":""},{"id":"va","label":"Aliasing velocity magnitude","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Shifted color scale · absolute cm/s","steps":["Use the same color-Doppler frame used for the radius.","Read the Nyquist limit after baseline shift, not the jet velocity.","Enter the absolute displayed value in cm/s."],"title":"Aliasing velocity"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":200,"initial":""},{"id":"vmax","label":"MR Vmax","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler","steps":["Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet.","Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation.","Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope."],"title":"Peak jet velocity"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""},{"id":"vti","label":"MR VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler trace","steps":["Use the same aligned CW recording as the peak velocity.","Trace the outer edge of the dense envelope for the relevant phase.","Use the machine-reported VTI in centimeters."],"title":"Jet VTI"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"sv","label":"Total LV stroke volume","unit":"mL","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":1500,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Equation & timing","locator":"Pages 9–10 · Figure 5","supports":"Hemispheric PISA flow, EROA and regurgitant-volume equations; pair radius with aliasing velocity and peak jet velocity at the same regurgitant time point.","url":null},{"label":"Acquisition & limitations","locator":"Pages 22–24 · Table 7","supports":"Beam alignment, zoom, variance off, baseline shift, radius placement, and limitations of eccentric, constrained, multiple or noncircular jets.","url":null},{"label":"Severity integration","locator":"Pages 29–30 · Table 8 and Figure 18","supports":"Four quantitative MR grades and the requirement to integrate anatomy, vena contracta, pulmonary-vein flow, chamber response and data quality.","url":null}],"locator":"PISA method pp. 9–10 · Figure 5; MR Table 7 pp. 22–24; Table 8 and Figure 18 pp. 29–30","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017VavularRegurgitationGuideline.pdf","year":2017}},{"id":"mr-continuity","name":"Mitral regurgitation · continuity","searchName":"Mitral regurgitation calculator: continuity method","purpose":"Explore the continuity method for mitral regurgitation, with the tool’s volume measurements, formula and method qualifications.","relatedViews":["a4c","a2c","a5c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-continuity/index.md","category":"Regurgitation","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/mr-continuity/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#mr-continuity","formula":"RVol = mitral SV − LVOT SV","fields":[{"id":"lvotD","label":"LVOT diameter","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"lvotVti","label":"LVOT VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Pulsed-wave Doppler","steps":["Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract.","Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI."],"title":"Pulsed-wave VTI"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"mvD","label":"Mitral annulus diameter","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"mvVti","label":"Mitral annulus VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Pulsed-wave Doppler","steps":["Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract.","Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI."],"title":"Pulsed-wave VTI"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"jetVti","label":"MR jet VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler trace","steps":["Use the same aligned CW recording as the peak velocity.","Trace the outer edge of the dense envelope for the relevant phase.","Use the machine-reported VTI in centimeters."],"title":"Jet VTI"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Flow calculation","locator":"Pages 7–8 · quantitative pulsed-Doppler method","supports":"Stroke volume equals cross-sectional area multiplied by VTI; regurgitant volume is the difference between flow through the regurgitant valve and a competent reference site.","url":null},{"label":"MR application & pitfalls","locator":"Pages 22–25 · Table 7","supports":"Mitral and LVOT sampling requirements, accumulated measurement error, and exclusions when another important regurgitant lesion is present.","url":null},{"label":"Severity integration","locator":"Pages 29–30 · Table 8 and Figure 18","supports":"EROA, regurgitant volume and regurgitant fraction bands plus the integrative MR grading framework.","url":null}],"locator":"Quantitative flow pp. 7–8; MR Table 7 pp. 22–25; Table 8 and Figure 18 pp. 29–30","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017VavularRegurgitationGuideline.pdf","year":2017}},{"id":"tr-pisa","name":"Tricuspid regurgitation · quantification","searchName":"Tricuspid regurgitation calculator: PISA quantification","purpose":"Find the measurements, acquisition guidance and sources behind EchoSuite’s tricuspid regurgitation quantification tool.","relatedViews":["rvInflow","a4c","subcostal4c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/tr-pisa/index.md","category":"Regurgitation","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/tr-pisa/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#tr-pisa","formula":"EROA = 2πr²Vₐ ÷ Vmax; RVol = EROA × VTI","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Measurement","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"PISA","value":"pisa"},{"label":"Vena contracta","value":"vc"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"pisa"},{"id":"r","label":"PISA radius","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Color Doppler · peak-flow frame","steps":["Zoom on the valve and center the flow-convergence region.","Shift the color baseline until the shell is as hemispheric as possible.","Measure from the regurgitant orifice to the first aliasing boundary along the jet centerline."],"title":"PISA radius"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["pisa"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":10,"initial":""},{"id":"va","label":"Aliasing velocity","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Shifted color scale · absolute cm/s","steps":["Use the same color-Doppler frame used for the radius.","Read the Nyquist limit after baseline shift, not the jet velocity.","Enter the absolute displayed value in cm/s."],"title":"Aliasing velocity"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["pisa"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":200,"initial":""},{"id":"vmax","label":"TR Vmax","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler","steps":["Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet.","Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation.","Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope."],"title":"Peak jet velocity"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["pisa"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""},{"id":"vti","label":"TR VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler trace","steps":["Use the same aligned CW recording as the peak velocity.","Trace the outer edge of the dense envelope for the relevant phase.","Use the machine-reported VTI in centimeters."],"title":"Jet VTI"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["pisa"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"vc","label":"Vena-contracta width","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["vc"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":5,"initial":""},{"id":"vcQuality","label":"Single jet, neck well resolved","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Yes","value":"yes"},{"label":"Limited / multiple jets","value":"limited"},{"label":"Not assessed","value":"unknown"}],"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["vc"]},"maximum":null,"initial":"unknown"}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"PISA acquisition & limitations","locator":"Table 13 pp. 46–47 · TR quantitation pp. 48–50","supports":"Baseline shift, hemispheric-shell optimization, aligned TR CW peak/VTI, and limitations from low right-sided pressure, noncircular, eccentric, constrained, or multiple jets.","url":null},{"label":"Quantitative ranges","locator":"Table 14 p. 48 · Figure 31 p. 50","supports":"EROA and regurgitant-volume ranges; Table 14 VC widths <0.3, 0.3–0.69 and ≥0.7 cm. This tool explicitly follows the table's ≥0.7 endpoint; narrative/flowchart wording uses >0.7. Severe PISA radius and other findings support integration.","url":null},{"label":"Integrative interpretation","locator":"Figure 31 p. 50 · integrative discussion p. 51","supports":"Lower validation than MR or AR, no validated four-grade subdivision, and indeterminate classification when image quality, quantitative findings, or clinical data are discordant.","url":null}],"locator":"TR Table 13 pp. 46–47 · Table 14 p. 48 · Figures 30–31 pp. 49–50 · TR quantitation pp. 48–51","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017VavularRegurgitationGuideline.pdf","year":2017}},{"id":"pulmonic-regurg","name":"Pulmonic regurgitation · continuity","searchName":"Pulmonic regurgitation · continuity calculator","purpose":"Pulmonic regurgitation · continuity","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/pulmonic-regurg/index.md","category":"Regurgitation","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/pulmonic-regurg/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#pulmonic-regurg","formula":"RVol = RVOT SV − LVOT SV; RF = RVol ÷ RVOT SV","fields":[{"id":"rvotD","label":"RVOT diameter","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"rvotVti","label":"RVOT VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Pulsed-wave Doppler","steps":["Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract.","Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI."],"title":"Pulsed-wave VTI"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"lvotD","label":"LVOT diameter","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"lvotVti","label":"LVOT VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Pulsed-wave Doppler","steps":["Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract.","Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI."],"title":"Pulsed-wave VTI"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"pht","label":"PR pressure half-time","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"CW Doppler deceleration slope","steps":["Record a complete inflow or regurgitant CW envelope.","Trace the deceleration slope using the machine PHT tool.","Average representative beats and use additional beats in atrial fibrillation."],"title":"Pressure half-time"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":2000,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Continuity calculation & acquisition","locator":"PR section pp. 52–55 · Table 15 pp. 52–53","supports":"RVOT stroke-volume acquisition, subtraction of competent reference flow, regurgitant-fraction calculation, and limitations from diameter, VTI, rhythm, shunts, and additional regurgitant lesions.","url":null},{"label":"Quantitative and severe-supportive findings","locator":"Table 16 · PDF p. 56","supports":"Regurgitant-fraction ranges, jet-width ratio, branch pulmonary-artery flow reversal, and pressure half-time shorter than 100 ms as a severe-supportive finding.","url":null},{"label":"Integration & limitations","locator":"Table 16 p. 56 · Figure 35 and integrative pathway p. 57","supports":"Limited echocardiographic validation of quantitative PR, load dependence of pressure half-time, RV remodeling, and indeterminate classification when findings or data quality are discordant.","url":null}],"locator":"PR acquisition and quantitation pp. 52–55 · Table 15 pp. 52–53 · Table 16 p. 56 · Figure 35 p. 57","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017VavularRegurgitationGuideline.pdf","year":2017}},{"id":"lap-ee","name":"Left atrial pressure · E/e′","searchName":"Left atrial pressure calculator: E/e′ method","purpose":"Review the E/e′ pressure-estimation method and its mitral inflow and tissue-Doppler measurement guidance.","relatedViews":["a4c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-ee/index.md","category":"Filling pressures","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-ee/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lap-ee","formula":"Average E/e′ = E ÷ [(septal e′ + lateral e′)/2]; historical PCWP regression uses lateral E/e′","fields":[{"id":"e","label":"Mitral E velocity","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips","steps":["Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips.","Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave.","Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope."],"title":"Mitral inflow"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":500,"initial":""},{"id":"septal","label":"Septal e′","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus","steps":["Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus.","Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion.","Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats."],"title":"Tissue Doppler e′"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":60,"initial":""},{"id":"lateral","label":"Lateral e′","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus","steps":["Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus.","Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion.","Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats."],"title":"Tissue Doppler e′"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":60,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Acquisition & average E/e′","locator":"Table 3 · PDF p. 5","supports":"Tissue sample position and size, full spectral display, and E divided by average septal/lateral e′.","url":null},{"label":"Guided resting LAP reading","locator":"Figure 3 and adjacent text · PDF p. 18","supports":"General sinus-rhythm scope, PASP preference when RAP is available, pressure branches and grades.","url":null},{"label":"Historical regression is separate","locator":"Nagueh et al. JACC 1997;30:1527–1533 · PMID 9362412","supports":"The PCWP regression uses lateral annular e′ and does not directly measure pressure. The legacy E/e′ + 4 estimate remains separately labelled.","url":null}],"locator":"Table 3 · PDF p. 5; Figure 3 · PDF p. 18","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"lap-mr","name":"Left atrial pressure · MR velocity","searchName":"Left atrial pressure calculator: mitral regurgitation velocity","purpose":"Explore the MR-velocity pressure estimate, its two inputs and the acquisition requirements shown with the calculation.","relatedViews":["a4c","a2c","a3c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/index.md","category":"Filling pressures","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/lap-mr/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lap-mr","formula":"LAP = SBP − 4(MR Vmax)²","fields":[{"id":"sbp","label":"Systolic blood pressure","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value","steps":["Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo.","Confirm the value is entered in mmHg.","Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions."],"title":"Pressure measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""},{"id":"mrv","label":"MR Vmax","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler","steps":["Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet.","Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation.","Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope."],"title":"Peak jet velocity"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Equation and selected-patient validation","locator":"Gorcsan et al. 1991 · abstract and pp. 858–863","supports":"Peak brachial SBP minus 4 × peak MR velocity squared; distinct envelopes in 35 of 46 patients, compared with simultaneous mean wedge pressure. This is an estimate, not a grading threshold.","url":null},{"label":"Gradient foundation","locator":"Nishimura & Tajik · JACC 1988;11:317–321 · PMID 3339169","supports":"Simultaneous dual-catheter and Doppler validation of left-sided regurgitant pressure gradients.","url":null},{"label":"MR signal interpretation","locator":"ASE 2017 native regurgitation · journal p. 330 · Continuous Wave Doppler","supports":"MR velocity reflects the LV–LA pressure difference; peak velocity alone does not quantify regurgitant severity.","url":null}],"locator":"Am Heart J 121:858–863 · PMID 2000753","organization":"Gorcsan, Snow, Paulsen & Nixon · American Heart Journal","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Noninvasive estimation of left atrial pressure in patients with congestive heart failure and mitral regurgitation by Doppler echocardiography","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2000753/","year":1991}},{"id":"la-size","name":"LA size · volume index","searchName":"Left atrial volume index calculator: LAVI","purpose":"Review left atrial volume and indexing inputs, with acquisition guidance and independently browsable reference context in the interactive tool.","relatedViews":["a4c","a2c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/index.md","category":"Filling pressures","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/la-size/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#la-size","formula":"LAVi = biplane LA volume ÷ BSA","fields":[{"id":"volume","label":"Biplane LA volume","unit":"mL","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":1500,"initial":""},{"id":"bsa","label":"Body surface area","unit":"m²","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Record the units, date and measurement source","steps":["Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated.","Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight.","Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results."],"title":"Height and weight"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":4,"initial":""},{"id":"lavi","label":"LAVi","unit":"mL/m²","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"LA volume technique","locator":"ASE 2019 · p. 32 · V.C.2","supports":"Trace at maximum end-systolic volume; exclude appendage and pulmonary veins; disk summation preferred; index biplane volume to BSA.","url":null},{"label":"LAVi abnormal threshold","locator":"ASE 2025 diastolic-function update · LA volume as a structural/supplemental marker","supports":"LAVi >34 mL/m² remains the ASE abnormal threshold. The 2025 update did not replace the chamber-quantification mild–moderate–severe rows (16–34 / 35–41 / 42–48 / >48).","url":null},{"label":"LA remodeling context","locator":"ASE 2025 diastolic-function update · LA volume and special-population discussion","supports":"LAVi is a cumulative remodeling marker, not an instantaneous manometer. Rhythm, mitral valve disease, high-output states, and athletic remodeling can enlarge the chamber.","url":null}],"locator":"LA volume: chamber-quantification recommendations and Supplemental Table 3. Technique: ASE 2019 pp. 30–32. Diastolic context: ASE 2025 update.","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography / EACVI","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2015_ChamberQuantificationREV.pdf","year":2015}},{"id":"lv-pressure","name":"Left ventricular pressures","searchName":"Left ventricular pressure calculator","purpose":"Explore the available left ventricular pressure methods and check each method’s measurements, units and acquisition conditions.","relatedViews":["a4c","a5c","a3c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/index.md","category":"Filling pressures","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-pressure/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lv-pressure","formula":"LVSP = 4(MR Vmax)² + LAP; LVEDP = DBP − 4(AR EDV)²","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Pressure to estimate","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"LV systolic · MR","value":"systolic"},{"label":"LV end-diastolic · AR","value":"endDiastolic"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"systolic"},{"id":"mrv","label":"MR peak systolic velocity","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler","steps":["Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet.","Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation.","Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope."],"title":"Peak jet velocity"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["systolic"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""},{"id":"lap","label":"Independent LAP estimate","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value","steps":["Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo.","Confirm the value is entered in mmHg.","Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions."],"title":"Pressure measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["systolic"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""},{"id":"dbp","label":"Diastolic blood pressure","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value","steps":["Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo.","Confirm the value is entered in mmHg.","Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions."],"title":"Pressure measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["endDiastolic"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""},{"id":"ared","label":"AR end-diastolic velocity","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler","steps":["Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet.","Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation.","Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope."],"title":"Peak jet velocity"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["endDiastolic"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"MR and AR pressure gradients","locator":"Nishimura & Tajik 1988 · simultaneous Doppler and dual-catheter study","supports":"Validation of regurgitant left-sided pressure gradients. A gradient requires an independent reference to estimate an absolute pressure; mean LAP is not an instantaneous systolic LA waveform.","url":null},{"label":"AR-derived LVEDP","locator":"Grayburn et al. JACC 1987;10:135–141 · PMID 3298358 · doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(87)80171-7","supports":"LVEDP estimated as cuff DBP minus 4 × AR end-diastolic velocity squared. High-quality spectra in 31 of 45 patients; signal dropout limits applicability. No pressure grading threshold is supplied here.","url":null}],"locator":"JACC 11:317–321 · PMID 3339169","organization":"Nishimura & Tajik · Journal of the American College of Cardiology","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Determination of left-sided pressure gradients by utilizing Doppler aortic and mitral regurgitant signals: validation by simultaneous dual catheter and Doppler studies","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3339169/","year":1988}},{"id":"diastolic-sinus","name":"Sinus rhythm · general pathway","searchName":"Diastolic function assessment: sinus rhythm","purpose":"Start with the measurements available and explore EchoSuite’s general sinus-rhythm diastolic pathway. The interactive tool keeps incomplete measurements visible and asks the next relevant question.","relatedViews":["a4c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-sinus/index.md","category":"Filling pressures","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-sinus/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-sinus","formula":"2025 ASE Figure 3 · relaxation → LAP markers → supplemental markers → grade","fields":[{"id":"ea","label":"Mitral E/A ratio","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips","steps":["Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips.","Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave.","Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope."],"title":"Mitral inflow"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":10,"initial":""},{"id":"septal","label":"Septal e′","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus","steps":["Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus.","Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion.","Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats."],"title":"Tissue Doppler e′"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":60,"initial":""},{"id":"lateral","label":"Lateral e′","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus","steps":["Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus.","Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion.","Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats."],"title":"Tissue Doppler e′"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":60,"initial":""},{"id":"ee","label":"Average E/e′","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus","steps":["Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus.","Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion.","Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats."],"title":"Tissue Doppler e′"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":60,"initial":""},{"id":"trv","label":"TR peak velocity","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"CW Doppler through the TR jet","steps":["Search RV inflow, apical four-chamber, and subcostal windows; use the highest well-aligned signal.","Trace the dense primary edge (‘chin’), not faint overgained noise, and reject truncated triangular envelopes when estimating pressure.","Average three representative beats; in atrial fibrillation average 5–10 beats and exclude post-pause or post-ectopic velocities."],"title":"TR velocity"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""},{"id":"pasp","label":"PASP","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value","steps":["Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo.","Confirm the value is entered in mmHg.","Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions."],"title":"Pressure measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""},{"id":"lars","label":"LA reservoir strain","unit":"%","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":100,"initial":""},{"id":"pvsd","label":"Pulmonary vein S/D","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Pulsed-wave Doppler","steps":["Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract.","Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI."],"title":"Pulsed-wave VTI"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":10,"initial":""},{"id":"lavi","label":"LA volume index","unit":"mL/m²","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"ivrt","label":"IVRT","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Spectral Doppler timing","steps":["Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries.","Measure from the specified onset to offset.","Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling."],"title":"Time interval"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":2000,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Primary and supplemental pathway","locator":"Figure 3 · PDF p. 17","supports":"Reduced e′, E/e′, TR velocity or PASP, supplemental markers, LAP assignment, and grades 1–3.","url":null},{"label":"Age-adjusted relaxation","locator":"Table 6 · PDF p. 16","supports":"Age-adjusted lower limits for septal, lateral, and average mitral annular e′.","url":null},{"label":"Applicability and exclusions","locator":"Clinical considerations p. 2 · Figure 3 caption p. 17","supports":"Adult ambulatory or acute-care scope; exclusions for special populations and mitral interventions.","url":null}],"locator":"Clinical scope p. 2 · Table 6 p. 16 · Figure 3 p. 17","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"diastolic-af","name":"Atrial fibrillation","searchName":"Diastolic assessment in atrial fibrillation","purpose":"Explore the atrial-fibrillation filling-pressure pathway, its primary and secondary measurements, and rhythm-specific source context.","relatedViews":["a4c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-af/index.md","category":"Filling pressures","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-af/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-af","formula":"2025 ASE Figure 8 · 4 primary markers; if exactly 2, apply 3 secondary markers","fields":[{"id":"e","label":"Mitral E velocity","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips","steps":["Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips.","Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave.","Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope."],"title":"Mitral inflow"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":500,"initial":""},{"id":"septalee","label":"Septal E/e′","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus","steps":["Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus.","Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion.","Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats."],"title":"Tissue Doppler e′"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":60,"initial":""},{"id":"trv","label":"TR peak velocity","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"CW Doppler through the TR jet","steps":["Search RV inflow, apical four-chamber, and subcostal windows; use the highest well-aligned signal.","Trace the dense primary edge (‘chin’), not faint overgained noise, and reject truncated triangular envelopes when estimating pressure.","Average three representative beats; in atrial fibrillation average 5–10 beats and exclude post-pause or post-ectopic velocities."],"title":"TR velocity"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""},{"id":"pasp","label":"PASP","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value","steps":["Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo.","Confirm the value is entered in mmHg.","Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions."],"title":"Pressure measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""},{"id":"dt","label":"Mitral E deceleration time","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Spectral Doppler timing","steps":["Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries.","Measure from the specified onset to offset.","Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling."],"title":"Time interval"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":2000,"initial":""},{"id":"lars","label":"LA reservoir strain","unit":"%","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":true,"all":true,"field":"","range":null,"rules":[],"values":[]},"minimum":0,"maximum":100,"initial":""},{"id":"pvsd","label":"Pulmonary vein S/D","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Pulsed-wave Doppler","steps":["Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract.","Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI."],"title":"Pulsed-wave VTI"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":true,"all":true,"field":"","range":null,"rules":[],"values":[]},"minimum":0,"maximum":10,"initial":""},{"id":"bmi","label":"Body mass index","unit":"kg/m²","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Record the units, date and measurement source","steps":["Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated.","Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight.","Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results."],"title":"Height and weight"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":true,"all":true,"field":"","range":null,"rules":[],"values":[]},"minimum":0,"maximum":120,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"AF decision pathway","locator":"Figure 8 · PDF p. 27","supports":"Four primary markers and the LARS, pulmonary-vein S/D, and BMI secondary branch.","url":null},{"label":"AF measurement context","locator":"Table 7 · PDF p. 20","supports":"AF-specific filling-pressure variables and rhythm-aware interpretation.","url":null}],"locator":"Table 7 p. 20 · Figure 8 p. 27","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"diastolic-mac","name":"Moderate/severe MAC","searchName":"Diastolic assessment in mitral annular calcification","purpose":"Find the dedicated diastolic assessment pathway for moderate or severe mitral annular calcification (MAC), with its own inputs and method context.","relatedViews":["a4c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-mac/index.md","category":"Filling pressures","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-mac/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-mac","formula":"2025 ASE Figure 4 · E/A <0.8 normal; >1.8 elevated; 0.8–1.8 uses IVRT","fields":[{"id":"ea","label":"Mitral E/A ratio","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips","steps":["Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips.","Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave.","Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope."],"title":"Mitral inflow"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":10,"initial":""},{"id":"ivrt","label":"IVRT","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Spectral Doppler timing","steps":["Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries.","Measure from the specified onset to offset.","Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling."],"title":"Time interval"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"ea","range":[0.8,1.8],"rules":[],"values":[]},"minimum":0,"maximum":2000,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"MAC pathway","locator":"Figure 4 · PDF p. 22","supports":"E/A outer branches and IVRT resolution of the intermediate E/A range.","url":null},{"label":"MAC thresholds","locator":"Table 7 · PDF p. 20","supports":"E/A and IVRT thresholds for moderate or severe mitral annular calcification.","url":null}],"locator":"Table 7 p. 20 · Figure 4 p. 22","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"diastolic-ms","name":"Mitral stenosis","searchName":"Diastolic assessment in mitral stenosis","purpose":"Explore the dedicated filling-pressure pathway for mitral stenosis and review its acquisition guidance and sources.","relatedViews":["a4c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-ms/index.md","category":"Filling pressures","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-ms/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-ms","formula":"2025 ASE Table 7 · IVRT, mitral A velocity and IVRT/T(E−e′)","fields":[{"id":"ivrt","label":"IVRT","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Spectral Doppler timing","steps":["Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries.","Measure from the specified onset to offset.","Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling."],"title":"Time interval"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":2000,"initial":""},{"id":"a","label":"Mitral A peak velocity","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips","steps":["Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips.","Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave.","Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope."],"title":"Mitral inflow"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""},{"id":"ratio","label":"IVRT / T(E−e′)","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Spectral Doppler timing","steps":["Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries.","Measure from the specified onset to offset.","Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling."],"title":"Time interval"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":30,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"MS-specific indicators","locator":"Table 7 · PDF p. 20","supports":"IVRT, mitral A velocity, and IVRT/T(E−e′) thresholds.","url":null},{"label":"General-pathway exclusion","locator":"Section 15A(a) · PDF pp. 19–20","supports":"Mitral stenosis requires a dedicated approach rather than the general E/e′ pathway.","url":null}],"locator":"Table 7 p. 20 · mitral-stenosis section pp. 19–20","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"diastolic-mr","name":"Significant mitral regurgitation","searchName":"Diastolic assessment in significant mitral regurgitation","purpose":"Find the filling-pressure pathway for significant mitral regurgitation, with the measurements and qualifications specific to that method.","relatedViews":["a4c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-mr/index.md","category":"Filling pressures","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-mr/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-mr","formula":"2025 ASE Table 7 · MR-specific filling-pressure indicators","fields":[{"id":"ef","label":"LVEF","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Depressed","value":"reduced"},{"label":"Preserved","value":"preserved"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"ivrt","label":"IVRT","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Spectral Doppler timing","steps":["Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries.","Measure from the specified onset to offset.","Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling."],"title":"Time interval"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0.001,"maximum":2000,"initial":""},{"id":"ar","label":"Pulmonary vein Ar duration","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Spectral Doppler timing","steps":["Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries.","Measure from the specified onset to offset.","Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling."],"title":"Time interval"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0.001,"maximum":2000,"initial":""},{"id":"a","label":"Mitral A duration","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Spectral Doppler timing","steps":["Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries.","Measure from the specified onset to offset.","Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling."],"title":"Time interval"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0.001,"maximum":2000,"initial":""},{"id":"te","label":"R peak → E onset","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Spectral Doppler timing","steps":["Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries.","Measure from the specified onset to offset.","Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling."],"title":"Time interval"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"ivrt","range":[0.001,2000],"rules":[],"values":[]},"minimum":0.001,"maximum":2000,"initial":""},{"id":"teprime","label":"R peak → e′ onset","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Spectral Doppler timing","steps":["Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries.","Measure from the specified onset to offset.","Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling."],"title":"Time interval"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"ivrt","range":[0.001,2000],"rules":[],"values":[]},"minimum":0.001,"maximum":2000,"initial":""},{"id":"e","label":"Mitral E","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips","steps":["Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips.","Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave.","Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope."],"title":"Mitral inflow"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"ef","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["reduced"]},"minimum":0.001,"maximum":300,"initial":""},{"id":"septal","label":"Septal e′","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus","steps":["Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus.","Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion.","Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats."],"title":"Tissue Doppler e′"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"ef","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["reduced"]},"minimum":0.001,"maximum":60,"initial":""},{"id":"lateral","label":"Lateral e′","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus","steps":["Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus.","Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion.","Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats."],"title":"Tissue Doppler e′"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"ef","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["reduced"]},"minimum":0.001,"maximum":60,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Timing acquisition","locator":"Table 3 · PDF pp. 5, 7, 9","supports":"Same-beat CW IVRT, baseline Ar/A durations and matched ECG R-peak-to-onset E/e′ intervals.","url":null},{"label":"MR-specific indicators","locator":"Table 7 · PDF p. 21","supports":"IVRT, Ar−A duration, IVRT/T(E−e′), and restricted use of E/e′ when LVEF is depressed.","url":null},{"label":"MR limitations","locator":"Section 15A(b) · PDF p. 22","supports":"Effects of important MR on mitral and pulmonary-vein signals and the need for integrative interpretation.","url":null}],"locator":"Table 3 acquisition · Table 7 PDF p. 21 · MR section PDF p. 22","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"diastolic-hcm","name":"Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","searchName":"Diastolic assessment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","purpose":"Explore the hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy diastolic pathway and its measurement and source context.","relatedViews":["a4c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-hcm/index.md","category":"Filling pressures","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-hcm/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-hcm","formula":"2025 ASE Table 7 · integrate E/e′, Ar−A, TR velocity and LAVi","fields":[{"id":"ee","label":"Average E/e′","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus","steps":["Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus.","Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion.","Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats."],"title":"Tissue Doppler e′"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":60,"initial":""},{"id":"ara","label":"Pulmonary vein Ar − mitral A duration","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Spectral Doppler timing","steps":["Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries.","Measure from the specified onset to offset.","Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling."],"title":"Time interval"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":2000,"initial":""},{"id":"trv","label":"TR peak velocity","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"CW Doppler through the TR jet","steps":["Search RV inflow, apical four-chamber, and subcostal windows; use the highest well-aligned signal.","Trace the dense primary edge (‘chin’), not faint overgained noise, and reject truncated triangular envelopes when estimating pressure.","Average three representative beats; in atrial fibrillation average 5–10 beats and exclude post-pause or post-ectopic velocities."],"title":"TR velocity"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""},{"id":"lavi","label":"LA volume index","unit":"mL/m²","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"HCM indicators","locator":"Table 7 · PDF p. 20","supports":"Average E/e′, Ar−A duration, TR velocity, and LAVi thresholds.","url":null},{"label":"Integrative interpretation","locator":"Section 15F · PDF p. 25","supports":"Requirement for comprehensive assessment rather than a single-variable diagnosis.","url":null}],"locator":"Table 7 p. 20 · HCM section p. 25","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"diastolic-restrictive","name":"Restrictive cardiomyopathy","searchName":"Diastolic assessment in restrictive cardiomyopathy","purpose":"Review the restrictive-cardiomyopathy diastolic pathway, its required measurements and its method-specific context.","relatedViews":["a4c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-restrictive/index.md","category":"Filling pressures","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-restrictive/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-restrictive","formula":"2025 ASE Table 7 · advanced restrictive filling indicators","fields":[{"id":"ee","label":"Average E/e′","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus","steps":["Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus.","Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion.","Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats."],"title":"Tissue Doppler e′"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":60,"initial":""},{"id":"dt","label":"Mitral E deceleration time","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Spectral Doppler timing","steps":["Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries.","Measure from the specified onset to offset.","Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling."],"title":"Time interval"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":2000,"initial":""},{"id":"ea","label":"Mitral E/A ratio","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips","steps":["Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips.","Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave.","Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope."],"title":"Mitral inflow"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":10,"initial":""},{"id":"ivrt","label":"IVRT","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Spectral Doppler timing","steps":["Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries.","Measure from the specified onset to offset.","Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling."],"title":"Time interval"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":2000,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Restrictive indicators","locator":"Table 7 · PDF p. 20","supports":"Average E/e′, deceleration time, E/A ratio, and IVRT thresholds supporting advanced restrictive physiology.","url":null}],"locator":"Table 7 · PDF p. 20","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"diastolic-tachycardia","name":"Sinus tachycardia","searchName":"Diastolic assessment in sinus tachycardia","purpose":"Explore the diastolic pathway for sinus tachycardia and review the acquisition requirements for its measurements.","relatedViews":["a4c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-tachycardia/index.md","category":"Filling pressures","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-tachycardia/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-tachycardia","formula":"2025 ASE Table 7 · supportive indicators when E and A may be fused","fields":[{"id":"early","label":"Predominant early filling + depressed LVEF","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips","steps":["Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips.","Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave.","Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope."],"title":"Mitral inflow"},"options":[{"label":"Present","value":"yes"},{"label":"Absent","value":"no"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"ivrt","label":"IVRT","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Spectral Doppler timing","steps":["Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries.","Measure from the specified onset to offset.","Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling."],"title":"Time interval"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":2000,"initial":""},{"id":"pvff","label":"Pulmonary vein systolic filling fraction","unit":"%","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Pulsed-wave Doppler","steps":["Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract.","Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI."],"title":"Pulsed-wave VTI"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":100,"initial":""},{"id":"ee","label":"Average E/e′","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus","steps":["Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus.","Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion.","Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats."],"title":"Tissue Doppler e′"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":60,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Sinus-tachycardia indicators","locator":"Table 7 · PDF p. 20","supports":"Early filling, IVRT, pulmonary-vein systolic filling fraction, and E/e′ indicators when E and A can fuse.","url":null}],"locator":"Table 7 · PDF p. 20","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"diastolic-exercise","name":"Diastolic exercise echo","searchName":"Diastolic exercise echocardiography assessment","purpose":"Find the exercise-echo diastolic pathway, its measurement inputs and the source context provided by the interactive tool.","relatedViews":["a4c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-exercise/index.md","category":"Filling pressures","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-exercise/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-exercise","formula":"2025 ASE Section 13 · selected exercise E/e′ method plus exercise TR velocity","fields":[{"id":"eeMethod","label":"Exercise E/e′ method","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus","steps":["Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus.","Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion.","Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats."],"title":"Tissue Doppler e′"},"options":[{"label":"Average E/e′","value":"average"},{"label":"Septal E/e′","value":"septal"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"average"},{"id":"average","label":"Exercise average E/e′","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus","steps":["Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus.","Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion.","Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats."],"title":"Tissue Doppler e′"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":60,"initial":""},{"id":"septal","label":"Exercise septal E/e′","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus","steps":["Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus.","Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion.","Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats."],"title":"Tissue Doppler e′"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":60,"initial":""},{"id":"trv","label":"Exercise TR velocity","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"CW Doppler through the TR jet","steps":["Search RV inflow, apical four-chamber, and subcostal windows; use the highest well-aligned signal.","Trace the dense primary edge (‘chin’), not faint overgained noise, and reject truncated triangular envelopes when estimating pressure.","Average three representative beats; in atrial fibrillation average 5–10 beats and exclude post-pause or post-ectopic velocities."],"title":"TR velocity"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Indication and acquisition","locator":"Section 13A–B · PDF p. 18","supports":"Appropriate patient selection, exercise modalities, acquisition order, and postexercise timing.","url":null},{"label":"Normal, likely, and abnormal branches","locator":"Section 13C · PDF p. 19","supports":"E/e′ and exercise TR-velocity thresholds, including the guideline's likely-HFpEF branch.","url":null}],"locator":"Section 13 · PDF pp. 18–19","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"diastolic-ph","name":"Pulmonary hypertension","searchName":"Diastolic assessment in pulmonary hypertension","purpose":"Explore the dedicated pulmonary-hypertension diastolic pathway, with its acquisition guidance and method-specific references.","relatedViews":["a4c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-ph/index.md","category":"Filling pressures","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-ph/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-ph","formula":"2025 ASE Figure 6 · E/A first, then LARS; lateral E/e′ if LARS unavailable","fields":[{"id":"ea","label":"Mitral E/A ratio","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips","steps":["Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips.","Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave.","Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope."],"title":"Mitral inflow"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":10,"initial":""},{"id":"e","label":"Mitral E velocity","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips","steps":["Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips.","Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave.","Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope."],"title":"Mitral inflow"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":500,"initial":""},{"id":"reduced","label":"Mitral e′","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus","steps":["Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus.","Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion.","Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats."],"title":"Tissue Doppler e′"},"options":[{"label":"Reduced","value":"yes"},{"label":"Not reduced","value":"no"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"larsAvailable","label":"LA reservoir strain","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Available","value":"yes"},{"label":"Unavailable","value":"no"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"yes"},{"id":"lars","label":"LA reservoir strain","unit":"%","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":100,"initial":""},{"id":"lateralee","label":"Lateral E/e′","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus","steps":["Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus.","Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion.","Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats."],"title":"Tissue Doppler e′"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":60,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Pulmonary-hypertension pathway","locator":"Figure 6 · PDF p. 23","supports":"Mitral E/A and E velocity branches, LARS, and lateral E/e′ fallback thresholds.","url":null},{"label":"Population limitation","locator":"Section 15C · PDF pp. 23–24","supports":"Use for filling-pressure estimation in established moderate or severe pulmonary hypertension.","url":null}],"locator":"Figure 6 p. 23 · pulmonary-hypertension section pp. 23–24","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"diastolic-transplant","name":"Heart transplant · sinus rhythm","searchName":"Diastolic assessment after heart transplant: sinus rhythm","purpose":"Review the heart-transplant diastolic pathway for sinus rhythm and the measurement context supplied with the tool.","relatedViews":["a4c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-transplant/index.md","category":"Filling pressures","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-transplant/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-transplant","formula":"2025 ASE Figure 5 · average E/e′; intermediate values use E/SRIVR or TR velocity","fields":[{"id":"ee","label":"Average E/e′","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus","steps":["Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus.","Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion.","Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats."],"title":"Tissue Doppler e′"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":60,"initial":""},{"id":"srAvailable","label":"E/SRIVR","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Available","value":"yes"},{"label":"Unavailable","value":"no"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"yes"},{"id":"esr","label":"Mitral E / SRIVR","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"trv","label":"TR peak velocity","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"CW Doppler through the TR jet","steps":["Search RV inflow, apical four-chamber, and subcostal windows; use the highest well-aligned signal.","Trace the dense primary edge (‘chin’), not faint overgained noise, and reject truncated triangular envelopes when estimating pressure.","Average three representative beats; in atrial fibrillation average 5–10 beats and exclude post-pause or post-ectopic velocities."],"title":"TR velocity"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Transplant pathway","locator":"Figure 5 · PDF p. 23","supports":"Average E/e′ outer branches and E/SRIVR or TR-velocity resolution of intermediate values.","url":null},{"label":"Transplant limitations","locator":"Section 15B · PDF pp. 22–23","supports":"Sinus-rhythm scope and the limitation of diastolic indices for graft-rejection diagnosis.","url":null}],"locator":"Table 7 p. 20 · Figure 5 p. 23","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"diastolic-lvad","name":"LV assist device","searchName":"Diastolic assessment with a left ventricular assist device","purpose":"Explore the dedicated LV assist device (LVAD) pathway, with its own measurement inputs and source qualifications.","relatedViews":["a4c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-lvad/index.md","category":"Filling pressures","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/diastolic-lvad/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#diastolic-lvad","formula":"2025 ASE Table 7 · Doppler, right-heart pressure and interatrial septal position","fields":[{"id":"ea","label":"Mitral E/A ratio","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW Doppler at the mitral leaflet tips","steps":["Place the PW sample between the mitral leaflet tips.","Record at end-expiration with a clear E and A wave.","Measure the requested peaks or trace the requested envelope."],"title":"Mitral inflow"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":10,"initial":""},{"id":"rap","label":"Right atrial pressure","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value","steps":["Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo.","Confirm the value is entered in mmHg.","Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions."],"title":"Pressure measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""},{"id":"pasp","label":"PASP","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value","steps":["Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo.","Confirm the value is entered in mmHg.","Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions."],"title":"Pressure measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""},{"id":"ee","label":"Average E/e′","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus","steps":["Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus.","Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion.","Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats."],"title":"Tissue Doppler e′"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":60,"initial":""},{"id":"septalee","label":"Septal E/e′","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus","steps":["Place the sample at the septal or lateral mitral annulus.","Use tissue-Doppler settings and align with annular motion.","Measure the early diastolic e′ peak and average representative beats."],"title":"Tissue Doppler e′"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":60,"initial":""},{"id":"lavi","label":"LA volume index","unit":"mL/m²","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"septum","label":"Interatrial septum","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Neutral","value":"neutral"},{"label":"Bulges right","value":"right"},{"label":"Bulges left","value":"left"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"LVAD pressure indicators","locator":"Table 7 · PDF p. 20","supports":"E/A, RAP, PASP, E/e′, LAVi, and interatrial-septal position relationships.","url":null}],"locator":"Table 7 · PDF p. 20","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"fractional-shortening","name":"Fractional shortening","searchName":"Left ventricular fractional shortening calculator","purpose":"Review the end-diastolic and end-systolic dimension inputs used to calculate left ventricular fractional shortening.","relatedViews":["plax"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/fractional-shortening/index.md","category":"Ventricular function","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/fractional-shortening/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#fractional-shortening","formula":"FS = (LVIDd − LVIDs) ÷ LVIDd × 100","fields":[{"id":"lvidd","label":"LVIDd · end-diastole","unit":"mm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"lvids","label":"LVIDs · end-systole","unit":"mm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Linear shortening and acquisition","locator":"§1.1 · §2–2.2, pp. 6–7","supports":"Matched end-diastolic and end-systolic linear dimensions, phase definitions, and limitations with regional dysfunction or conduction abnormalities. Fractional shortening is distinct from volume-derived EF; no severity thresholds are applied.","url":null}],"locator":"§1.1 Linear measurements · §2–2.2, pp. 6–7","organization":"ASE / EACVI","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2015_ChamberQuantificationREV.pdf","year":2015}},{"id":"lv-linear","name":"LV linear dimensions","searchName":"Left ventricular dimensions calculator and measurement guide","purpose":"Explore left ventricular linear measurements, their acquisition guidance and the reference context available in the tool.","relatedViews":["plax"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-linear/index.md","category":"Ventricular function","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-linear/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lv-linear","formula":"Indexed diameter = LVID ÷ BSA","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Phase","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"End-diastole","value":"diastolicDiameter"},{"label":"End-systole","value":"systolicDiameter"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"diastolicDiameter"},{"id":"diameter","label":"LV internal diameter","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"bsa","label":"Body surface area","unit":"m²","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":4,"initial":""},{"id":"sex","label":"Reference sex","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Men","value":"men"},{"label":"Women","value":"women"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Acquisition and interpretation","locator":"LV linear measurements §1.1; Supplemental Table 3","supports":"Method-specific acquisition and reference context. Arithmetic uses entered measurements; clinical interpretation remains subject to image quality and study context.","url":null}],"locator":"LV linear measurements §1.1; Supplemental Table 3","organization":"ASE / EACVI","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Cardiac Chamber Quantification in Adults","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2015_ChamberQuantificationREV.pdf","year":2015}},{"id":"lv-mass","name":"Wall thickness & mass","searchName":"Left ventricular mass and wall thickness calculator","purpose":"Find the dimensions and indexing measurements used by the wall-thickness and left ventricular mass tool.","relatedViews":["plax"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-mass/index.md","category":"Ventricular function","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-mass/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lv-mass","formula":"LV mass = 0.8 × 1.04 × [(IVSd + LVIDd + PWd)³ − LVIDd³] + 0.6 g","fields":[{"id":"lvidd","label":"LVIDd","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"pwd","label":"PWd","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"ivsd","label":"IVSd","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"bsa","label":"Body surface area","unit":"m²","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Record the units, date and measurement source","steps":["Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated.","Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight.","Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results."],"title":"Height and weight"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":4,"initial":""},{"id":"sex","label":"Reference sex","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Men","value":"men"},{"label":"Women","value":"women"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Linear mass acquisition and calculation","locator":"ASE/EACVI 2015 · §4; ASE 2019 · p. 31 · V.A.1","supports":"IVSd, LVIDd and PWd at the same end-diastolic PLAX level, perpendicular to the LV long axis. The cube formula uses centimetres; index mass to BSA when available.","url":null},{"label":"Sex-specific wall thickness and mass","locator":"ASE/EACVI 2015 · Supplemental Table 3 · p. 39.e8","supports":"Separate men’s and women’s normal, mild, moderate and severe partitions for IVSd, PWd, linear-method LV mass and LV mass/BSA. These mass partitions are specific to the linear method.","url":null}],"locator":"Linear LV mass: §4. Sex-specific wall thickness and linear-method mass partitions: Supplemental Table 3, p. 39.e8. Technique: ASE 2019 Comprehensive TTE p. 31, V.A.1.","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography / EACVI","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2015_ChamberQuantificationREV.pdf","year":2015}},{"id":"lv-volume-index","name":"LV volumes","searchName":"Left ventricular volume index calculator: EDV and ESV","purpose":"Explore end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, body-size indexing and the tool’s separate 2D and 3D method context.","relatedViews":["a4c","a2c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-volume-index/index.md","category":"Ventricular function","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-volume-index/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lv-volume-index","formula":"EDVi = EDV ÷ BSA · ESVi = ESV ÷ BSA","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Volume method","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"2D biplane","value":"2d"},{"label":"Measured 3D","value":"3d"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"2d"},{"id":"edv","label":"End-diastolic volume","unit":"mL","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":1500,"initial":""},{"id":"esv","label":"End-systolic volume","unit":"mL","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":1500,"initial":""},{"id":"bsa","label":"Body surface area","unit":"m²","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Record the units, date and measurement source","steps":["Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated.","Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight.","Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results."],"title":"Height and weight"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":4,"initial":""},{"id":"sex","label":"Reference sex","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Men","value":"men"},{"label":"Women","value":"women"}],"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["2d"]},"maximum":null,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Biplane volume acquisition","locator":"ASE/EACVI 2015 · §1.2; ASE 2019 · p. 32 · V.C.1","supports":"Trace the compacted interface in LV-focused A4C and A2C at end-diastole and end-systole; avoid foreshortening and include papillary muscles and trabeculations in the cavity. Volumes and EF are not derived from linear dimensions.","url":null},{"label":"Sex-specific 2D volume partitions","locator":"ASE/EACVI 2015 · Supplemental Table 3 · p. 39.e8","supports":"Separate men's and women's normal, mild, moderate and severe bands for EDV, EDV/BSA, ESV and ESV/BSA. These 2D biplane volume partitions do not apply to 3D volumes.","url":null},{"label":"Biplane EF reference range","locator":"ASE/EACVI 2015 · Table 2 · p. 7","supports":"Biplane LVEF reference range 52–72% in men and 54–74% in women. The calculator reports EF without adding a mild–severe EF ladder.","url":null}],"locator":"2D volume partitions: Supplemental Table 3, p. 39.e8. Biplane acquisition: §1.2. Normal EF ranges: Table 2, p. 7. Technique: ASE 2019 Comprehensive TTE p. 32, V.C.1.","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography / EACVI","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2015_ChamberQuantificationREV.pdf","year":2015}},{"id":"lv-ef","name":"LV ejection fraction","searchName":"Left ventricular ejection fraction calculator: LVEF","purpose":"Calculate ejection fraction from end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, then explore the acquisition teaching and method-specific references.","relatedViews":["a4c","a2c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-ef/index.md","category":"Ventricular function","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-ef/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lv-ef","formula":"EF = (EDV − ESV) ÷ EDV × 100","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Volume method","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"2D biplane","value":"2d"},{"label":"Measured 3D","value":"3d"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"2d"},{"id":"edv","label":"End-diastolic volume","unit":"mL","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":1500,"initial":""},{"id":"esv","label":"End-systolic volume","unit":"mL","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":1500,"initial":""},{"id":"bsa","label":"Body surface area","unit":"m²","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Record the units, date and measurement source","steps":["Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated.","Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight.","Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results."],"title":"Height and weight"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":4,"initial":""},{"id":"sex","label":"Reference sex","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Men","value":"men"},{"label":"Women","value":"women"}],"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["2d"]},"maximum":null,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Biplane volume acquisition","locator":"ASE/EACVI 2015 · §1.2; ASE 2019 · p. 32 · V.C.1","supports":"Trace the compacted interface in LV-focused A4C and A2C at end-diastole and end-systole; avoid foreshortening and include papillary muscles and trabeculations in the cavity. Volumes and EF are not derived from linear dimensions.","url":null},{"label":"Sex-specific 2D volume partitions","locator":"ASE/EACVI 2015 · Supplemental Table 3 · p. 39.e8","supports":"Separate men's and women's normal, mild, moderate and severe bands for EDV, EDV/BSA, ESV and ESV/BSA. These 2D biplane volume partitions do not apply to 3D volumes.","url":null},{"label":"Biplane EF reference range","locator":"ASE/EACVI 2015 · Table 2 · p. 7","supports":"Biplane LVEF reference range 52–72% in men and 54–74% in women. The calculator reports EF without adding a mild–severe EF ladder.","url":null}],"locator":"2D volume partitions: Supplemental Table 3, p. 39.e8. Biplane acquisition: §1.2. Normal EF ranges: Table 2, p. 7. Technique: ASE 2019 Comprehensive TTE p. 32, V.C.1.","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography / EACVI","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2015_ChamberQuantificationREV.pdf","year":2015}},{"id":"lv-gls","name":"LV strain · GLS & serial change","searchName":"Global longitudinal strain calculator: LV GLS and serial change","purpose":"Review left ventricular global longitudinal strain and serial-change inputs, with the tool’s measurement and source context.","relatedViews":["a4c","a2c","a3c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-gls/index.md","category":"Ventricular function","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/lv-gls/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lv-gls","formula":"Relative reduction = (|baseline GLS| − |follow-up GLS|) ÷ |baseline GLS| × 100","fields":[{"id":"gls","label":"Current GLS · signed","unit":"%","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":-100,"maximum":100,"initial":""},{"id":"baseline","label":"Baseline GLS · signed","unit":"%","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":-100,"maximum":100,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Acquisition and interpretation","locator":"Global reference ranges and serial comparison pp.994–995","supports":"Method-specific acquisition and reference context. Arithmetic uses entered measurements; clinical interpretation remains subject to image quality and study context.","url":null}],"locator":"Global reference ranges and serial comparison pp.994–995","organization":"ASE / EACVI","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Clinical Applications of Strain Echocardiography","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Strain-2025-Guideline-2.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"lvot-flow","name":"LVOT stroke volume & cardiac output","searchName":"LVOT stroke volume and cardiac output calculator","purpose":"Connect LVOT measurements to stroke volume, stroke volume index, cardiac output and cardiac index in the interactive tool.","relatedViews":["plax","a5c","a3c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/lvot-flow/index.md","category":"Ventricular function","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/lvot-flow/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lvot-flow","formula":"SV = π × (diameter ÷ 2)² × VTI; CO = SV × HR ÷ 1000; SVi = SV ÷ BSA; CI = CO ÷ BSA","fields":[{"id":"d","label":"LVOT diameter","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":6,"initial":""},{"id":"vti","label":"LVOT PW VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":100,"initial":""},{"id":"hr","label":"Heart rate at acquisition","unit":"bpm","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""},{"id":"bsa","label":"Body surface area","unit":"m²","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":4,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Acquisition and interpretation","locator":"LVOT PW Doppler and paired diameter acquisition; Doppler volumetric flow","supports":"Method-specific acquisition and reference context. Arithmetic uses entered measurements; clinical interpretation remains subject to image quality and study context.","url":null}],"locator":"LVOT PW Doppler and paired diameter acquisition; Doppler volumetric flow","organization":"ASE","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2019_Comprehensive-TTE.pdf","year":2019}},{"id":"aortic-size","name":"Aortic size & index","searchName":"Aortic size and diameter index calculator","purpose":"Explore aortic measurements and indexing, with acquisition guidance and the reference methods available in the tool.","relatedViews":["plax","ssn","abdAo"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-size/index.md","category":"Ventricular function","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-size/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#aortic-size","formula":"Indexed aortic diameter = diameter ÷ BSA","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Anatomical level","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Annulus","value":"annulus"},{"label":"Sinuses","value":"sinuses"},{"label":"STJ","value":"sinotubularJunction"},{"label":"Ascending aorta","value":"ascendingAorta"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"sinuses"},{"id":"diameter","label":"Measured diameter","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"bsa","label":"Body surface area","unit":"m²","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":4,"initial":""},{"id":"sex","label":"Reference sex","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Men","value":"men"},{"label":"Women","value":"women"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Acquisition and interpretation","locator":"Aortic measurements §10; Table 14","supports":"Method-specific acquisition and reference context. Arithmetic uses entered measurements; clinical interpretation remains subject to image quality and study context.","url":null}],"locator":"Aortic measurements §10; Table 14","organization":"ASE / EACVI","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Cardiac Chamber Quantification in Adults","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2015_ChamberQuantificationREV.pdf","year":2015}},{"id":"wmsi","name":"Wall-motion score index","searchName":"Wall motion score index calculator: WMSI","purpose":"Explore the wall-motion score index tool and its segment-based teaching and source context.","relatedViews":["a4c","a2c","a3c","psaxPM"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/wmsi/index.md","category":"Ventricular function","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/wmsi/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#wmsi","formula":"WMSI = Σ(segment scores) ÷ (number of segments scored)","fields":[{"id":"s1","label":"1. Basal anterior","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"1 · Normal","value":"1"},{"label":"2 · Hypokinetic","value":"2"},{"label":"3 · Akinetic","value":"3"},{"label":"4 · Dyskinetic","value":"4"},{"label":"Not visualized","value":"nv"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"1"},{"id":"s2","label":"2. Basal anteroseptal","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"1 · Normal","value":"1"},{"label":"2 · Hypokinetic","value":"2"},{"label":"3 · Akinetic","value":"3"},{"label":"4 · Dyskinetic","value":"4"},{"label":"Not visualized","value":"nv"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"1"},{"id":"s3","label":"3. Basal inferoseptal","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"1 · Normal","value":"1"},{"label":"2 · Hypokinetic","value":"2"},{"label":"3 · Akinetic","value":"3"},{"label":"4 · Dyskinetic","value":"4"},{"label":"Not visualized","value":"nv"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"1"},{"id":"s4","label":"4. Basal inferior","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"1 · Normal","value":"1"},{"label":"2 · Hypokinetic","value":"2"},{"label":"3 · Akinetic","value":"3"},{"label":"4 · Dyskinetic","value":"4"},{"label":"Not visualized","value":"nv"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"1"},{"id":"s5","label":"5. Basal inferolateral","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"1 · Normal","value":"1"},{"label":"2 · Hypokinetic","value":"2"},{"label":"3 · Akinetic","value":"3"},{"label":"4 · Dyskinetic","value":"4"},{"label":"Not visualized","value":"nv"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"1"},{"id":"s6","label":"6. Basal anterolateral","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"1 · Normal","value":"1"},{"label":"2 · Hypokinetic","value":"2"},{"label":"3 · Akinetic","value":"3"},{"label":"4 · Dyskinetic","value":"4"},{"label":"Not visualized","value":"nv"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"1"},{"id":"s7","label":"7. Mid anterior","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"1 · Normal","value":"1"},{"label":"2 · Hypokinetic","value":"2"},{"label":"3 · Akinetic","value":"3"},{"label":"4 · Dyskinetic","value":"4"},{"label":"Not visualized","value":"nv"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"1"},{"id":"s8","label":"8. Mid anteroseptal","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"1 · Normal","value":"1"},{"label":"2 · Hypokinetic","value":"2"},{"label":"3 · Akinetic","value":"3"},{"label":"4 · Dyskinetic","value":"4"},{"label":"Not visualized","value":"nv"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"1"},{"id":"s9","label":"9. Mid inferoseptal","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"1 · Normal","value":"1"},{"label":"2 · Hypokinetic","value":"2"},{"label":"3 · Akinetic","value":"3"},{"label":"4 · Dyskinetic","value":"4"},{"label":"Not visualized","value":"nv"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"1"},{"id":"s10","label":"10. Mid inferior","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"1 · Normal","value":"1"},{"label":"2 · Hypokinetic","value":"2"},{"label":"3 · Akinetic","value":"3"},{"label":"4 · Dyskinetic","value":"4"},{"label":"Not visualized","value":"nv"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"1"},{"id":"s11","label":"11. Mid inferolateral","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"1 · Normal","value":"1"},{"label":"2 · Hypokinetic","value":"2"},{"label":"3 · Akinetic","value":"3"},{"label":"4 · Dyskinetic","value":"4"},{"label":"Not visualized","value":"nv"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"1"},{"id":"s12","label":"12. Mid anterolateral","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"1 · Normal","value":"1"},{"label":"2 · Hypokinetic","value":"2"},{"label":"3 · Akinetic","value":"3"},{"label":"4 · Dyskinetic","value":"4"},{"label":"Not visualized","value":"nv"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"1"},{"id":"s13","label":"13. Apical anterior","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"1 · Normal","value":"1"},{"label":"2 · Hypokinetic","value":"2"},{"label":"3 · Akinetic","value":"3"},{"label":"4 · Dyskinetic","value":"4"},{"label":"Not visualized","value":"nv"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"1"},{"id":"s14","label":"14. Apical septal","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"1 · Normal","value":"1"},{"label":"2 · Hypokinetic","value":"2"},{"label":"3 · Akinetic","value":"3"},{"label":"4 · Dyskinetic","value":"4"},{"label":"Not visualized","value":"nv"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"1"},{"id":"s15","label":"15. Apical inferior","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"1 · Normal","value":"1"},{"label":"2 · Hypokinetic","value":"2"},{"label":"3 · Akinetic","value":"3"},{"label":"4 · Dyskinetic","value":"4"},{"label":"Not visualized","value":"nv"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"1"},{"id":"s16","label":"16. Apical lateral","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"1 · Normal","value":"1"},{"label":"2 · Hypokinetic","value":"2"},{"label":"3 · Akinetic","value":"3"},{"label":"4 · Dyskinetic","value":"4"},{"label":"Not visualized","value":"nv"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"1"}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"16- and 17-segment roles","locator":"ASE/EACVI 2015 · pp. 11–12 · Figures 3–4","supports":"Use the 16-segment model for routine wall-motion assessment because apical-cap excursion and thickening are imperceptible; use the 17-segment model for perfusion and cross-modality display.","url":null},{"label":"Routine grading","locator":"ASE/EACVI 2015 · pp. 11–12; ASE 2020 · pp. 10–11","supports":"Routine chamber quantification scores normal/hyperkinetic 1, hypokinetic 2, akinetic 3 and dyskinetic 4. WMSI is the sum of scored segments divided by the number of segments scored.","url":null}],"locator":"Regional LV function: JASE pp. 11–12, Figures 3–4. Stress acquisition, grading and reporting: ASE 2020 pp. 4–13.","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography / EACVI","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults","url":"https://www.asecho.org/guideline/cardiac-chamber-quantification-by-echo-in-adults/","year":2015}},{"id":"rap","name":"Right atrial pressure · IVC & hepatic flow","searchName":"Right atrial pressure assessment: IVC and hepatic vein flow","purpose":"Review IVC and hepatic-flow inputs in EchoSuite’s right atrial pressure tool, with acquisition guidance and supporting reference context.","relatedViews":["ivc","subcostal4c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/rap/index.md","category":"Right heart & PA","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/rap/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#rap","formula":"RAP category from IVC diameter and inspiratory collapse","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Measurement","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"IVC estimate","value":"estimate"},{"label":"Measured collapse","value":"ivc"},{"label":"Hepatic S / D","value":"hepatic"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"estimate"},{"id":"ivc","label":"IVC diameter","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Subcostal long axis · M-mode or 2D","steps":["From subcostal IVC long axis, measure end-expiratory diameter 0.5–3.0 cm proximal to the right-atrial ostium.","Keep the calipers perpendicular to the IVC and observe variation with both a sniff and quiet respiration.","Record whether inspiratory collapse is at least 50%; do not use collapse alone during positive-pressure ventilation."],"title":"IVC size and collapse"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["estimate"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"collapse","label":"Collapse with sniff","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Subcostal long axis · M-mode or 2D","steps":["From subcostal IVC long axis, measure end-expiratory diameter 0.5–3.0 cm proximal to the right-atrial ostium.","Keep the calipers perpendicular to the IVC and observe variation with both a sniff and quiet respiration.","Record whether inspiratory collapse is at least 50%; do not use collapse alone during positive-pressure ventilation."],"title":"IVC size and collapse"},"options":[{"label":"At least 50%","value":"gt50"},{"label":"Less than 50%","value":"lt50"}],"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["estimate"]},"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"ivcMax","label":"End-expiratory maximum","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["ivc"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":8,"initial":""},{"id":"ivcMin","label":"Sniff minimum","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["ivc"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":8,"initial":""},{"id":"samePlane","label":"Same site and plane","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Both walls tracked","value":"yes"},{"label":"Out-of-plane / uncertain","value":"no"}],"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["ivc"]},"maximum":null,"initial":"no"},{"id":"hepS","label":"Peak forward S","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["hepatic"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":200,"initial":""},{"id":"hepD","label":"Peak forward D","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["hepatic"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":200,"initial":""},{"id":"hepQuality","label":"Usable forward peaks","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Yes","value":"yes"},{"label":"Systolic reversal","value":"reversal"},{"label":"Uncertain / limited","value":"limited"}],"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["hepatic"]},"maximum":null,"initial":"limited"},{"id":"breathing","label":"Ventilation","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Subcostal long axis · M-mode or 2D","steps":["From subcostal IVC long axis, measure end-expiratory diameter 0.5–3.0 cm proximal to the right-atrial ostium.","Keep the calipers perpendicular to the IVC and observe variation with both a sniff and quiet respiration.","Record whether inspiratory collapse is at least 50%; do not use collapse alone during positive-pressure ventilation."],"title":"IVC size and collapse"},"options":[{"label":"Spontaneous breathing","value":"spontaneous"},{"label":"Positive-pressure ventilation","value":"positive"}],"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["estimate","ivc"]},"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"secondary","label":"Secondary evidence when discordant","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Subcostal long axis · M-mode or 2D","steps":["From subcostal IVC long axis, measure end-expiratory diameter 0.5–3.0 cm proximal to the right-atrial ostium.","Keep the calipers perpendicular to the IVC and observe variation with both a sniff and quiet respiration.","Record whether inspiratory collapse is at least 50%; do not use collapse alone during positive-pressure ventilation."],"title":"IVC size and collapse"},"options":[{"label":"None present","value":"none"},{"label":"One or more present","value":"present"},{"label":"Unavailable / uncertain","value":"uncertain"}],"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["estimate","ivc"]},"maximum":null,"initial":"uncertain"},{"id":"marked","label":"Marked venous signs with IVC >2.5 cm","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Subcostal long axis · M-mode or 2D","steps":["From subcostal IVC long axis, measure end-expiratory diameter 0.5–3.0 cm proximal to the right-atrial ostium.","Keep the calipers perpendicular to the IVC and observe variation with both a sniff and quiet respiration.","Record whether inspiratory collapse is at least 50%; do not use collapse alone during positive-pressure ventilation."],"title":"IVC size and collapse"},"options":[{"label":"No","value":"no"},{"label":"Yes","value":"yes"}],"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":false,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["estimate"]},{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"ivc","range":[2.5000000000000004,15],"rules":[],"values":[]}],"values":[]},{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["ivc"]},{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"ivcMax","range":[2.5000000000000004,8],"rules":[],"values":[]}],"values":[]}],"values":[]},"maximum":null,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Primary IVC branches","locator":"RAP section and Table 4 · PDF pp. 19–20","supports":"End-expiratory IVC measurement, the 2.1-cm and 50% branches, and discrete 3, 8, 15, or selected 20-mmHg estimates.","url":null},{"label":"Discordant findings and caveats","locator":"RAP section · PDF p. 19","supports":"Secondary-index resolution, positive-pressure ventilation limitations, and caveats for athletes, pregnancy, and inadequate sniff.","url":null}],"locator":"RAP section and Figure 3 · PDF pp. 19–20 and 23","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults and Special Considerations in Pulmonary Hypertension","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ASE-Right-Heart-Guidelines-May-2025.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"ra-size","name":"RA size","searchName":"Right atrial size calculator and measurement guide","purpose":"Explore right atrial size measurements, acquisition guidance and the reference context supplied with the tool.","relatedViews":["a4c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/ra-size/index.md","category":"Right heart & PA","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/ra-size/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#ra-size","formula":"Grade the selected RA measure against the 2025 ASE method-specific table; volume methods index to BSA","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Measure","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"RA volume index · method of disks","value":"mod"},{"label":"RA volume index · area–length","value":"al"},{"label":"RA major dimension","value":"major"},{"label":"RA minor dimension","value":"minor"},{"label":"RA end-systolic area","value":"area"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"mod"},{"id":"volume","label":"RA volume","unit":"mL","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["al","mod"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":1500,"initial":""},{"id":"bsa","label":"Body surface area","unit":"m²","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Record the units, date and measurement source","steps":["Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated.","Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight.","Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results."],"title":"Height and weight"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["al","mod"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":4,"initial":""},{"id":"major","label":"RA major dimension","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["major"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"minor","label":"RA minor dimension","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["minor"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"area","label":"RA end-systolic area","unit":"cm²","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["area"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":25,"initial":""},{"id":"value","label":"Entered value","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"RA measurement methods","locator":"ASE 2025 right-heart guideline · pp. 2, 6, 10","supports":"Dedicated RA-focused A4C. Single-plane method of disks is the preferred 2D volume when indexed to BSA; area–length is a different method and is not interchangeable. Linear dimensions and area are supporting measures.","url":null},{"label":"RA reference partitions","locator":"ASE 2025 right-heart guideline · Table 1 p. 4; key points p. 2","supports":"Method-specific RA dimension, area, MOD-volume, and area–length volume partitions. Area–length is a different table from method of disks.","url":null}],"locator":"RA acquisition, methods and Table 1 partitions: 2025 right-heart guideline pp. 2, 4, 6, and 10.","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults and Special Considerations in Pulmonary Hypertension","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ASE-Right-Heart-Guidelines-May-2025.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"rv-size-calc","name":"RV size","searchName":"Right ventricular size calculator and measurement guide","purpose":"Browse right ventricular dimensions, area, RVOT and wall measurements, and 3D volume methods within the existing RV size tool.","relatedViews":["a4c","plax","rvOutflow","psaxAV"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-size-calc/index.md","category":"Right heart & PA","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-size-calc/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#rv-size-calc","formula":"Indexed measurement = measured dimension, area or 3D volume ÷ BSA","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Measurement","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Dimensions","value":"dimensions"},{"label":"ED/ES area","value":"areas"},{"label":"3D volumes","value":"volumes"},{"label":"RVOT","value":"rvot"},{"label":"Wall thickness","value":"wallThickness"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"dimensions"},{"id":"rvd1","label":"RVD1 · basal","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["dimensions"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":20,"initial":""},{"id":"rvd2","label":"RVD2 · mid","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["dimensions"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":20,"initial":""},{"id":"rvd3","label":"RVD3 · length","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["dimensions"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":20,"initial":""},{"id":"eda","label":"ED area","unit":"cm²","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["areas"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":200,"initial":""},{"id":"esa","label":"ES area","unit":"cm²","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["areas"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":200,"initial":""},{"id":"edv","label":"3D EDV","unit":"mL","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["volumes"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":1500,"initial":""},{"id":"esv","label":"3D ESV","unit":"mL","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["volumes"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":1500,"initial":""},{"id":"rvotPLAX","label":"PLAX","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["rvot"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":20,"initial":""},{"id":"rvotProximal","label":"Proximal PSAX","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["rvot"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":20,"initial":""},{"id":"rvotDistal","label":"Distal PSAX","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["rvot"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":20,"initial":""},{"id":"wall","label":"RV wall thickness","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["wallThickness"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":3,"initial":""},{"id":"bsa","label":"BSA · for indices","unit":"m²","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["areas","dimensions","volumes"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":4,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Acquisition and interpretation","locator":"Table 1; RV size pp.143–151; function pp.156–160; TAPSE/PASP pp.156–157","supports":"Method-specific acquisition and reference context. Arithmetic uses entered measurements; clinical interpretation remains subject to image quality and study context.","url":null}],"locator":"Table 1; RV size pp.143–151; function pp.156–160; TAPSE/PASP pp.156–157","organization":"ASE","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ASE-Right-Heart-Guidelines-May-2025.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"rv-function-calc","name":"RV function & coupling","searchName":"Right ventricular function calculator: TAPSE, FAC and coupling","purpose":"Explore the RV function and coupling measurements available in the tool, with acquisition teaching and method-specific references.","relatedViews":["a4c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-function-calc/index.md","category":"Right heart & PA","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/rv-function-calc/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#rv-function-calc","formula":"FAC or EF = (end-diastolic − end-systolic) ÷ end-diastolic × 100; coupling = TAPSE ÷ PASP","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Measurement","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"TAPSE","value":"tapse"},{"label":"S′","value":"sPrime"},{"label":"FAC","value":"fac"},{"label":"Free-wall strain","value":"freeWallStrain"},{"label":"3D RVEF","value":"threeDEF"},{"label":"TAPSE/PASP","value":"coupling"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"tapse"},{"id":"tapse","label":"TAPSE","unit":"mm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["coupling","tapse"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":60,"initial":""},{"id":"sPrime","label":"Lateral tricuspid S′","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["sPrime"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":50,"initial":""},{"id":"eda","label":"End-diastolic area","unit":"cm²","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["fac"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":200,"initial":""},{"id":"esa","label":"End-systolic area","unit":"cm²","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["fac"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":200,"initial":""},{"id":"strain","label":"Free-wall strain · magnitude","unit":"%","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["freeWallStrain"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":100,"initial":""},{"id":"edv","label":"3D end-diastolic volume","unit":"mL","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["threeDEF"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":1500,"initial":""},{"id":"esv","label":"3D end-systolic volume","unit":"mL","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["threeDEF"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":1500,"initial":""},{"id":"pasp","label":"Estimated PASP","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["coupling"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":250,"initial":""},{"id":"quality","label":"PASP acquisition","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Reliable","value":"reliable"},{"label":"Unreliable / uncertain","value":"unreliable"}],"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["coupling"]},"maximum":null,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Acquisition and interpretation","locator":"Table 1; RV size pp.143–151; function pp.156–160; TAPSE/PASP pp.156–157","supports":"Method-specific acquisition and reference context. Arithmetic uses entered measurements; clinical interpretation remains subject to image quality and study context.","url":null}],"locator":"Table 1; RV size pp.143–151; function pp.156–160; TAPSE/PASP pp.156–157","organization":"ASE","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ASE-Right-Heart-Guidelines-May-2025.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"rvsp","name":"RVSP and PASP · TR velocity","searchName":"RVSP and PASP calculator: tricuspid regurgitation velocity","purpose":"Review the tricuspid regurgitation velocity and right atrial pressure inputs used by the RVSP and PASP tool.","relatedViews":["rvInflow","a4c","subcostal4c","ivc"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/rvsp/index.md","category":"Right heart & PA","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/rvsp/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#rvsp","formula":"RVSP = 4(TR Vmax)² + RAP; PASP = RVSP − PS gradient","fields":[{"id":"trv","label":"TR Vmax","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"CW Doppler through the TR jet","steps":["Search RV inflow, apical four-chamber, and subcostal windows; use the highest well-aligned signal.","Trace the dense primary edge (‘chin’), not faint overgained noise, and reject truncated triangular envelopes when estimating pressure.","Average three representative beats; in atrial fibrillation average 5–10 beats and exclude post-pause or post-ectopic velocities."],"title":"TR velocity"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""},{"id":"rap","label":"Estimated RAP","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Subcostal long axis · M-mode or 2D","steps":["From subcostal IVC long axis, measure end-expiratory diameter 0.5–3.0 cm proximal to the right-atrial ostium.","Keep the calipers perpendicular to the IVC and observe variation with both a sniff and quiet respiration.","Record whether inspiratory collapse is at least 50%; do not use collapse alone during positive-pressure ventilation."],"title":"IVC size and collapse"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""},{"id":"psg","label":"Peak pulmonic (RVOT) gradient","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Complete traced CW envelope","steps":["Align through the valve or shunt and record a complete envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope using the machine tool.","Use the machine-calculated mean gradient in mmHg."],"title":"Mean gradient"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Equation and pulmonic-gradient correction","locator":"Table 4 · JASE pp. 161–163; RVSP pp. 164–166","supports":"RVSP from peak TR velocity plus RAP and equality of PASP and RVSP only when RVOT or pulmonic obstruction is absent.","url":null},{"label":"Acquisition, threshold, and limitations","locator":"Table 1 JASE p. 145 · RVSP / Table 5 pp. 164–166","supports":"Multiple-window acquisition, rhythm averaging, generally abnormal RVSP at least 35 mmHg, and TR-envelope and hemodynamic pitfalls.","url":null}],"locator":"Table 1 JASE p. 145 · Table 4 pp. 161–163 · RVSP pp. 164–166","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults and Special Considerations in Pulmonary Hypertension","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ASE-Right-Heart-Guidelines-May-2025.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"pa-pressure","name":"Pulmonary artery pressures","searchName":"Pulmonary artery pressure calculator","purpose":"Explore the pulmonary artery pressure methods available in EchoSuite and check each method’s Doppler measurements and qualifications.","relatedViews":["rvOutflow","psaxAV"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/pa-pressure/index.md","category":"Right heart & PA","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/pa-pressure/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#pa-pressure","formula":"PAEDP = 4(PR EDV)² + RAP; mPAP = 4(PR early peak)² + RAP","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Pressure method","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value","steps":["Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo.","Confirm the value is entered in mmHg.","Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions."],"title":"Pressure measurement"},"options":[{"label":"PA end-diastolic · PR endpoint","value":"pred"},{"label":"Mean PA · early PR peak","value":"prpeak"},{"label":"Mean PA · PASP and PAEDP","value":"pressures"},{"label":"Mean PA · mean TR gradient","value":"trmean"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"pred"},{"id":"pred","label":"PR end-diastolic velocity","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"CW Doppler through the PR jet","steps":["From PSAX at the aortic-valve level, angle superiorly to show the RVOT and pulmonary valve, then align CW Doppler with the PR jet.","Use the early-diastolic peak velocity for mean PA pressure and the velocity immediately before the QRS for PA end-diastolic pressure.","Use a dense complete envelope; average representative beats and use 5–10 beats when the rhythm is irregular."],"title":"Pulmonary regurgitation velocity"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["pred"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""},{"id":"prpeak","label":"PR early-diastolic peak velocity","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"CW Doppler through the PR jet","steps":["From PSAX at the aortic-valve level, angle superiorly to show the RVOT and pulmonary valve, then align CW Doppler with the PR jet.","Use the early-diastolic peak velocity for mean PA pressure and the velocity immediately before the QRS for PA end-diastolic pressure.","Use a dense complete envelope; average representative beats and use 5–10 beats when the rhythm is irregular."],"title":"Pulmonary regurgitation velocity"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["prpeak"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""},{"id":"meanrvra","label":"Mean RV–RA gradient","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Complete traced CW envelope","steps":["Align through the valve or shunt and record a complete envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope using the machine tool.","Use the machine-calculated mean gradient in mmHg."],"title":"Mean gradient"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["trmean"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""},{"id":"rap","label":"Estimated RAP","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Subcostal long axis · M-mode or 2D","steps":["From subcostal IVC long axis, measure end-expiratory diameter 0.5–3.0 cm proximal to the right-atrial ostium.","Keep the calipers perpendicular to the IVC and observe variation with both a sniff and quiet respiration.","Record whether inspiratory collapse is at least 50%; do not use collapse alone during positive-pressure ventilation."],"title":"IVC size and collapse"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["pred","prpeak","trmean"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""},{"id":"pasp","label":"PA systolic pressure","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value","steps":["Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo.","Confirm the value is entered in mmHg.","Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions."],"title":"Pressure measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["pressures"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""},{"id":"padp","label":"PA end-diastolic pressure","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value","steps":["Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo.","Confirm the value is entered in mmHg.","Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions."],"title":"Pressure measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["pressures"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"PAEDP","locator":"PAEDP section · JASE pp. 165–166","supports":"End-diastolic PR velocity equation, acquisition from the PA-focused PSAX view, and the abnormal 2.2-m/s PR-velocity threshold.","url":null},{"label":"Mean PA pressure","locator":"mPAP section · JASE p. 166","supports":"PASP/PAEDP, early PR, and mean TR-gradient approaches; echo mPAP limitations and invasive confirmation requirements.","url":null},{"label":"Mean TR-gradient method · Aduen 2009","locator":"JASE 22:814–819 · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2009.04.007","supports":"Mean RV–RA systolic gradient plus RAP, compared with catheter-derived mean PA pressure. Trace the systolic TR envelope; peak-gradient arithmetic is a different method.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19505794/"}],"locator":"Table 4 JASE pp. 161–163 · PAEDP pp. 165–166 · mPAP p. 166","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults and Special Considerations in Pulmonary Hypertension","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ASE-Right-Heart-Guidelines-May-2025.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"mpap-rvot","name":"Mean PA pressure · RVOT acceleration time","searchName":"Mean pulmonary artery pressure calculator: RVOT acceleration time","purpose":"Find the RVOT acceleration-time method for mean pulmonary artery pressure, with its acquisition guidance and reference context.","relatedViews":["rvOutflow","psaxAV"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/mpap-rvot/index.md","category":"Right heart & PA","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/mpap-rvot/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#mpap-rvot","formula":"mPAP = 79 − 0.45 × RVOT AcT; if AcT <120 ms, also 90 − 0.62 × AcT","fields":[{"id":"act","label":"RVOT acceleration time","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW Doppler just below the pulmonary valve","steps":["From the PA-bifurcation PSAX view, place a 1–2 mm PW sample in the distal RVOT just beneath the pulmonary valve.","Optimize scale, baseline, wall filter, and beam alignment so the entire systolic envelope is visible.","Trace the modal envelope for VTI; measure acceleration time from flow onset to peak velocity and interpret cautiously when heart rate is <60 or >100 bpm."],"title":"RVOT Doppler"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":2000,"initial":""},{"id":"hr","label":"Heart rate","unit":"bpm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Spectral Doppler timing","steps":["Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries.","Measure from the specified onset to offset.","Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling."],"title":"Time interval"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Acquisition and heart-rate limitation","locator":"RVOT VTI and AcT · JASE pp. 158–159","supports":"Distal RVOT sample placement, onset-to-peak timing, >105-ms normal reference, and reduced reliability below 60 or above 100 bpm.","url":null},{"label":"Empirical equations","locator":"Table 4 · JASE pp. 161–163; mPAP p. 166","supports":"The 79−0.45×AccT equation and the alternate 90−0.62×AccT equation when AccT is below 120 ms.","url":null}],"locator":"Table 1 JASE p. 145 · RVOT AcT pp. 158–159 · Table 4 / mPAP p. 166","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults and Special Considerations in Pulmonary Hypertension","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ASE-Right-Heart-Guidelines-May-2025.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"pvr","name":"Pulmonary vascular resistance","searchName":"Pulmonary vascular resistance calculator: echo Doppler method","purpose":"Review the Doppler inputs, formula and method qualifications used by EchoSuite’s pulmonary vascular resistance tool.","relatedViews":["a4c","rvOutflow","psaxAV"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/pvr/index.md","category":"Right heart & PA","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/pvr/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#pvr","formula":"PVR = 10 × TR Vmax ÷ RVOT VTI + 0.16","fields":[{"id":"trv","label":"TR Vmax","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"CW Doppler through the TR jet","steps":["Search RV inflow, apical four-chamber, and subcostal windows; use the highest well-aligned signal.","Trace the dense primary edge (‘chin’), not faint overgained noise, and reject truncated triangular envelopes when estimating pressure.","Average three representative beats; in atrial fibrillation average 5–10 beats and exclude post-pause or post-ectopic velocities."],"title":"TR velocity"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""},{"id":"rvot","label":"RVOT VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW Doppler just below the pulmonary valve","steps":["From the PA-bifurcation PSAX view, place a 1–2 mm PW sample in the distal RVOT just beneath the pulmonary valve.","Optimize scale, baseline, wall filter, and beam alignment so the entire systolic envelope is visible.","Trace the modal envelope for VTI; measure acceleration time from flow onset to peak velocity and interpret cautiously when heart rate is <60 or >100 bpm."],"title":"RVOT Doppler"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Equation and thresholds","locator":"PVR section and key points · JASE p. 167","supports":"The Abbas equation, normal PVR below 1.5 WU, and abnormal PVR above 2.0 WU.","url":null},{"label":"Clinical limitations","locator":"PVR recommendations · JASE p. 167","supports":"Unreliability above 8 WU, nonroutine-use recommendation, and the requirement not to substitute echo PVR for invasive hemodynamics.","url":null}],"locator":"Pulmonary Vascular Resistance section · JASE p. 167","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults and Special Considerations in Pulmonary Hypertension","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ASE-Right-Heart-Guidelines-May-2025.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"mpi","name":"RV myocardial performance index","searchName":"RV myocardial performance index calculator","purpose":"RV myocardial performance index","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/mpi/index.md","category":"Right heart & PA","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/mpi/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#mpi","formula":"PW: RV MPI = (TCO − ET) ÷ ET; TDI: RV MPI = (IVCT + IVRT) ÷ ET","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Method","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW Doppler or tissue Doppler · method specific","steps":["Choose the same method used for the reference range: PW Doppler or lateral-tricuspid-annular tissue Doppler.","For PW Doppler, pair tricuspid closure-to-opening time with RVOT ejection time from beats having similar R–R intervals.","For tissue Doppler, measure IVCT, ejection time, and IVRT from the same lateral-annular beat; report the method with the result."],"title":"RV myocardial performance index"},"options":[{"label":"Pulsed-wave Doppler","value":"pw"},{"label":"Tissue Doppler","value":"tdi"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"pw"},{"id":"tco","label":"Tricuspid closure-to-opening time","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW Doppler or tissue Doppler · method specific","steps":["Choose the same method used for the reference range: PW Doppler or lateral-tricuspid-annular tissue Doppler.","For PW Doppler, pair tricuspid closure-to-opening time with RVOT ejection time from beats having similar R–R intervals.","For tissue Doppler, measure IVCT, ejection time, and IVRT from the same lateral-annular beat; report the method with the result."],"title":"RV myocardial performance index"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["pw"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":2000,"initial":""},{"id":"ivct","label":"Isovolumic contraction time","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW Doppler or tissue Doppler · method specific","steps":["Choose the same method used for the reference range: PW Doppler or lateral-tricuspid-annular tissue Doppler.","For PW Doppler, pair tricuspid closure-to-opening time with RVOT ejection time from beats having similar R–R intervals.","For tissue Doppler, measure IVCT, ejection time, and IVRT from the same lateral-annular beat; report the method with the result."],"title":"RV myocardial performance index"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["tdi"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":2000,"initial":""},{"id":"ivrt","label":"Isovolumic relaxation time","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW Doppler or tissue Doppler · method specific","steps":["Choose the same method used for the reference range: PW Doppler or lateral-tricuspid-annular tissue Doppler.","For PW Doppler, pair tricuspid closure-to-opening time with RVOT ejection time from beats having similar R–R intervals.","For tissue Doppler, measure IVCT, ejection time, and IVRT from the same lateral-annular beat; report the method with the result."],"title":"RV myocardial performance index"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["tdi"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":2000,"initial":""},{"id":"et","label":"Ejection time","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"PW Doppler or tissue Doppler · method specific","steps":["Choose the same method used for the reference range: PW Doppler or lateral-tricuspid-annular tissue Doppler.","For PW Doppler, pair tricuspid closure-to-opening time with RVOT ejection time from beats having similar R–R intervals.","For tissue Doppler, measure IVCT, ejection time, and IVRT from the same lateral-annular beat; report the method with the result."],"title":"RV myocardial performance index"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":2000,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Method-specific calculation","locator":"Table 3 and RV MPI section · PDF pp. 15–17","supports":"PW and tissue-Doppler acquisition, interval definitions, R–R matching, and the RV MPI equations.","url":null},{"label":"Method-specific grades and limitations","locator":"Table 1 p. 4 · RV MPI key points p. 18","supports":"Separate PW and tissue-Doppler reference bands plus load, rhythm, and intermethod limitations.","url":null}],"locator":"Table 1 p. 4 · Table 3 and RV MPI section pp. 15–18","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults and Special Considerations in Pulmonary Hypertension","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ASE-Right-Heart-Guidelines-May-2025.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"effusion-size","name":"Pericardial effusion · size","searchName":"Pericardial effusion size measurement guide and calculator","purpose":"Explore the pericardial effusion size tool, its measurement acquisition teaching and its source context.","relatedViews":["plax","a4c","subcostal4c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/effusion-size/index.md","category":"Pericardium","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/effusion-size/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#effusion-size","formula":"Maximum echo-free separation at end-diastole (mm)","fields":[{"id":"separation","label":"Maximum end-diastolic separation","unit":"mm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0.1,"maximum":100,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Method and interpretation","locator":"Section 5.5 and Table 10 · Classification of pericardial effusion","supports":"Largest end-diastolic echo-free separation: small <10 mm, moderate 10–20 mm, large >20 mm; evaluate distribution and hemodynamic findings separately.","url":null}],"locator":"Section 5.5 and Table 10 · Classification of pericardial effusion","organization":"European Society of Cardiology","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"2025 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Myocarditis and Pericarditis","url":"https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/46/40/3952/8234483","year":2025}},{"id":"mitral-respiratory","name":"Mitral inflow · respiratory variation","searchName":"Mitral inflow · respiratory variation calculator","purpose":"Mitral inflow · respiratory variation","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-respiratory/index.md","category":"Pericardium","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-respiratory/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#mitral-respiratory","formula":"Inspiratory fall = (Eₑ − Eᵢ) / Eₑ × 100","fields":[{"id":"expiration","label":"Expiratory Eₑ","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0.01,"maximum":500,"initial":""},{"id":"inspiration","label":"Inspiratory Eᵢ","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0.01,"maximum":500,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Method and interpretation","locator":"Tamponade pp. 988–991, Figures 36–37; constriction pp. 993–995, Figures A20/A24","supports":"Expiration-denominator variation: mitral >25% / tricuspid >40% for constriction, versus >30% / >60% in tamponade; integrate the complete examination.","url":null}],"locator":"Tamponade pp. 988–991, Figures 36–37; constriction pp. 993–995, Figures A20/A24","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Clinical Recommendations for Multimodality Cardiovascular Imaging of Patients with Pericardial Disease","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2013_Multimodality-CV-Imaging-for-Pericardial-Disease.pdf","year":2013}},{"id":"tricuspid-respiratory","name":"Tricuspid inflow · respiratory variation","searchName":"Tricuspid inflow · respiratory variation calculator","purpose":"Tricuspid inflow · respiratory variation","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/tricuspid-respiratory/index.md","category":"Pericardium","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/tricuspid-respiratory/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#tricuspid-respiratory","formula":"Inspiratory rise = (Eᵢ − Eₑ) / Eₑ × 100","fields":[{"id":"expiration","label":"Expiratory Eₑ","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0.01,"maximum":500,"initial":""},{"id":"inspiration","label":"Inspiratory Eᵢ","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0.01,"maximum":500,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Method and interpretation","locator":"Tamponade pp. 988–991, Figures 36–37; constriction pp. 993–995, Figures A20/A24","supports":"Expiration-denominator variation: mitral >25% / tricuspid >40% for constriction, versus >30% / >60% in tamponade; integrate the complete examination.","url":null}],"locator":"Tamponade pp. 988–991, Figures 36–37; constriction pp. 993–995, Figures A20/A24","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Clinical Recommendations for Multimodality Cardiovascular Imaging of Patients with Pericardial Disease","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2013_Multimodality-CV-Imaging-for-Pericardial-Disease.pdf","year":2013}},{"id":"lvot-respiratory","name":"LVOT · respiratory variation","searchName":"LVOT · respiratory variation calculator","purpose":"LVOT · respiratory variation","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/lvot-respiratory/index.md","category":"Pericardium","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/lvot-respiratory/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#lvot-respiratory","formula":"Inspiratory fall = (expiratory value − inspiratory value) / expiratory value × 100","fields":[{"id":"measure","label":"LVOT measurement","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Peak velocity","value":"peak"},{"label":"VTI","value":"vti"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"peak"},{"id":"expiration","label":"Expiratory peak Vₑ","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"measure","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["peak"]},"minimum":0.01,"maximum":500,"initial":""},{"id":"inspiration","label":"Inspiratory peak Vᵢ","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"measure","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["peak"]},"minimum":0.01,"maximum":500,"initial":""},{"id":"expirationVTI","label":"Expiratory VTIₑ","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"measure","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["vti"]},"minimum":0.01,"maximum":100,"initial":""},{"id":"inspirationVTI","label":"Inspiratory VTIᵢ","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"measure","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["vti"]},"minimum":0.01,"maximum":100,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Method and interpretation","locator":"Figure 38, journal p. 990; Doppler flow recordings pp. 988–991","supports":"Inspiratory LVOT velocity reduction and respiratory changes in ejection; no standalone numerical cutoff is assigned here.","url":null}],"locator":"Figure 38, journal p. 990; Doppler flow recordings pp. 988–991","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Clinical Recommendations for Multimodality Cardiovascular Imaging of Patients with Pericardial Disease","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2013_Multimodality-CV-Imaging-for-Pericardial-Disease.pdf","year":2013}},{"id":"hepatic-expiratory-reversal","name":"Hepatic vein · expiratory reversal","searchName":"Hepatic vein · expiratory reversal calculator","purpose":"Hepatic vein · expiratory reversal","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/hepatic-expiratory-reversal/index.md","category":"Pericardium","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/hepatic-expiratory-reversal/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#hepatic-expiratory-reversal","formula":"Reversal ratio = expiratory diastolic reverse velocity / expiratory diastolic forward velocity","fields":[{"id":"reverse","label":"Expiratory Dᵣ reversal","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":500,"initial":""},{"id":"forward","label":"Expiratory D forward","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0.01,"maximum":500,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Method and interpretation","locator":"Section F · Pericardial Constriction, journal pp. 561–562; Figure 7","supports":"Expiratory hepatic diastolic reversal / forward ratio ≥0.8 and the reversed medial/lateral e′ relationship as supportive constrictive findings.","url":null}],"locator":"Section F · Pericardial Constriction, journal pp. 561–562; Figure 7","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"annulus-reversus","name":"Annulus reversus · medial / lateral e′","searchName":"Annulus reversus · medial / lateral e′ calculator","purpose":"Annulus reversus · medial / lateral e′","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/annulus-reversus/index.md","category":"Pericardium","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/annulus-reversus/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#annulus-reversus","formula":"Annular e′ ratio = medial e′ / lateral e′","fields":[{"id":"medial","label":"Medial e′","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0.01,"maximum":50,"initial":""},{"id":"lateral","label":"Lateral e′","unit":"cm/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0.01,"maximum":50,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Method and interpretation","locator":"Section F · Pericardial Constriction, journal pp. 561–562; Figure 7","supports":"Expiratory hepatic diastolic reversal / forward ratio ≥0.8 and the reversed medial/lateral e′ relationship as supportive constrictive findings.","url":null}],"locator":"Section F · Pericardial Constriction, journal pp. 561–562; Figure 7","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and HFpEF Diagnosis","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Left-Ventricular-Diastolic-Function.pdf","year":2025}},{"id":"qpqs","name":"Qp/Qs · Doppler stroke volumes","searchName":"Qp/Qs calculator: pulmonary to systemic flow ratio","purpose":"Review the Doppler stroke-volume measurements used for pulmonary and systemic flow in the Qp/Qs tool.","relatedViews":["plax","a5c","rvOutflow","psaxAV"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/qpqs/index.md","category":"Shunts & congenital","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/qpqs/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#qpqs","formula":"Qp/Qs = (RVOT CSA × RVOT VTI) ÷ (LVOT CSA × LVOT VTI)","fields":[{"id":"pd","label":"RVOT maximal-systolic diameter at PW site","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"rvot","label":"RVOT VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Pulsed-wave Doppler","steps":["Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract.","Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI."],"title":"Pulsed-wave VTI"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"ad","label":"LVOT maximal-systolic diameter at PW site","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"lvot","label":"LVOT VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Pulsed-wave Doppler","steps":["Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract.","Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI."],"title":"Pulsed-wave VTI"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio","locator":"pp. 929–930 · Doppler shunt quantification","supports":"Each outflow stroke volume is its cross-sectional area times matched systolic VTI. Qp/Qs is RV outflow stroke volume divided by LV outflow stroke volume. Circular-area assumptions and semilunar regurgitation limit the estimate.","url":null},{"label":"Adult shunt context · AHA/ACC 2025","locator":"ACHD guideline · §4.1 / Table 25","supports":"A Qp/Qs of at least 1.5 is interpreted with chamber loading, PVR and the full congenital assessment. The app’s greater-than-2 interval is a flow-reporting descriptor, not a universal defect severity or closure rule.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001402"}],"locator":"Pulsed Doppler shunt-flow quantification · pp. 929–930","organization":"ASE / SCAI","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Echocardiographic assessment of atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2015_ASD-PFO.pdf","year":2015}},{"id":"asd","name":"ASD · anatomy, shunt & Doppler","searchName":"Atrial septal defect: shunt and Doppler calculator","purpose":"Explore the atrial septal defect tool’s anatomy, shunt and Doppler teaching, with the measurements and sources for its available methods.","relatedViews":["subcostal4c","a4c","rvOutflow"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/asd/index.md","category":"Shunts & congenital","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/asd/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#asd","formula":"Qp/Qs = (Dpulmonary² × VTIpulmonary) / (DLVOT² × VTILVOT); atrial mean ΔP is directly traced","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Clinical question","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Shunt flow · Qp/Qs","value":"flow"},{"label":"Atrial Doppler mean","value":"mean"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"flow"},{"id":"pd","label":"RVOT diameter at the PW sample","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["flow"]},"minimum":0.01,"maximum":8,"initial":""},{"id":"rvot","label":"RVOT VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Pulsed-wave Doppler","steps":["Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract.","Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI."],"title":"Pulsed-wave VTI"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["flow"]},"minimum":0.01,"maximum":150,"initial":""},{"id":"ad","label":"LVOT diameter at the PW sample","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["flow"]},"minimum":0.01,"maximum":8,"initial":""},{"id":"lvot","label":"LVOT VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Pulsed-wave Doppler","steps":["Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract.","Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI."],"title":"Pulsed-wave VTI"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["flow"]},"minimum":0.01,"maximum":150,"initial":""},{"id":"context","label":"Atrial physiology","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Not established","value":"unknown"},{"label":"Isolated ASD","value":"isolated"},{"label":"Complex CHD / atrial egress","value":"complex"}],"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["mean"]},"maximum":null,"initial":"unknown"},{"id":"mean","label":"Traced atrial mean gradient","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Complete traced CW envelope","steps":["Align through the valve or shunt and record a complete envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope using the machine tool.","Use the machine-calculated mean gradient in mmHg."],"title":"Mean gradient"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["mean"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":50,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Anatomy and acquisition","locator":"Silvestry et al. JASE 2015;28:910–958 · pp. 912–916, 924–930 · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2015.05.015","supports":"Defect morphology, surrounding structures and outflow stroke-volume ratio. Subcostal orthogonal imaging helps avoid apical dropout; significant semilunar regurgitation limits flow estimation.","url":null},{"label":"Current pediatric imaging","locator":"Lopez et al. JASE 2024;37:119–170 · p. 142 · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2023.11.015","supports":"Subcostal/right parasternal septal imaging, full-cycle PW direction, orthogonal size/rims and relationships to veins and AV valves.","url":null},{"label":"Context for the 1.5 reference","locator":"2025 ACHD guideline §4.1.1 · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.09.006; 2026 ACC pediatric shunt guidance · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.11.020","supports":"Shunt ratio is interpreted with right-heart enlargement and population-specific hemodynamics. This tool does not implement closure eligibility or a PVR estimate.","url":null},{"label":"Restriction is lesion-specific","locator":"Atrial septal defect morphology and stenting in HLHS after hybrid palliation, 2017 · PMID 28889828","supports":"A selected HLHS cohort combined Doppler gradient and clinical signs. It does not validate universal mild/moderate/severe bands for all ASDs; none are applied here.","url":null}],"locator":"ASE/SCAI 2015 pp. 912–916, 924–930, 932–935 · ASE pediatric TTE 2024 p. 142 · ACC pediatric guidance 2026","organization":"ASE / SCAI · ACC / AHA","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"ASD anatomy, Doppler flow and integrated assessment","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2015.05.015","year":2026}},{"id":"vsd-pressure","name":"VSD · size & right-heart pressure","searchName":"VSD · size & right-heart pressure calculator","purpose":"VSD · size & right-heart pressure","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/vsd-pressure/index.md","category":"Shunts & congenital","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/vsd-pressure/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#vsd-pressure","formula":"RVSP = SBP − 4V²; RVEDP = LVEDP − 4Ved²; relative size = VSD / AoV","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Clinical question","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"RV systolic pressure","value":"systolic"},{"label":"RV end-diastolic pressure","value":"diastolic"},{"label":"Anatomical size","value":"size"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"systolic"},{"id":"sbp","label":"Systolic blood pressure","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value","steps":["Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo.","Confirm the value is entered in mmHg.","Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions."],"title":"Pressure measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["systolic"]},"minimum":0.01,"maximum":300,"initial":""},{"id":"v","label":"Peak VSD velocity","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler","steps":["Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet.","Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation.","Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope."],"title":"Peak jet velocity"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["systolic"]},"minimum":0.01,"maximum":10,"initial":""},{"id":"lvedp","label":"Independent LVEDP","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value","steps":["Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo.","Confirm the value is entered in mmHg.","Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions."],"title":"Pressure measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["diastolic"]},"minimum":0.01,"maximum":100,"initial":""},{"id":"vd","label":"End-diastolic VSD velocity","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler","steps":["Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet.","Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation.","Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope."],"title":"Peak jet velocity"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["diastolic"]},"minimum":0.01,"maximum":10,"initial":""},{"id":"defect","label":"Largest VSD dimension","unit":"mm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["size"]},"minimum":0.01,"maximum":100,"initial":""},{"id":"aov","label":"Aortic annulus diameter","unit":"mm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["size"]},"minimum":0.01,"maximum":100,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Anatomy, shunt and chamber response","locator":"Budts et al. 2021 · VSD sections, Figures 6–7","supports":"Multiple windows and colour sweeps define location, borders, number, shunt direction and associated lesions; CMR can quantify Qp/Qs and ventricular volumes.","url":null},{"label":"Systolic pressure estimate","locator":"Noninvasive evaluation of RV and PA systolic pressures · simultaneous Doppler/catheter study · PMID 8465730","supports":"Cuff systolic pressure minus the VSD Doppler gradient estimates RV systolic pressure in the appropriate setting. Pressure is not a defect-size grade.","url":null},{"label":"Sloped CW limitation","locator":"Schamberger et al. JASE 2001;14:1197–1202 · doi:10.1067/mje.2001.116351","supports":"In sloped spectra, peak instantaneous gradient may exceed the peak-to-peak difference and underestimate right-sided systolic pressures.","url":null},{"label":"Anatomical reference bands","locator":"User-supplied VSD pocket reference, page 13 · retained teaching convention","supports":"VSD/AoV <⅓, ⅓–½ and >½. Other references use different boundaries; these bands are labelled and do not produce a universal severity grade.","url":null},{"label":"Published use of the size convention","locator":"Edraki et al. 2022 · pmVSD closure protocol · p. 2 · doi:10.1186/s12872-022-02757-9","supports":"A retrospective perimembranous-VSD closure cohort of 146 patients under 18 used the same annular fractions. This documents a population-specific convention, not a universal VSD severity scale or closure criterion.","url":null},{"label":"End-diastolic method","locator":"Existing VSD method · instantaneous simplified Bernoulli pressure balance","supports":"Requires independent LVEDP and the same end-diastolic timing. No guideline grading threshold or validation claim is attached to this retained method.","url":null}],"locator":"VSD anatomy and imaging · pp. e61–e64 · doi:10.1093/ehjci/jeaa314","organization":"EACVI / ESC / AEPC · primary Doppler studies","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Imaging the adult with simple shunt lesions","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeaa314","year":2021}},{"id":"pda-pressure","name":"PDA · shunt & PA pressure","searchName":"PDA · shunt & PA pressure calculator","purpose":"PDA · shunt & PA pressure","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/pda-pressure/index.md","category":"Shunts & congenital","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/pda-pressure/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#pda-pressure","formula":"Systolic ΔP = 4Vsys²; estimated PASP = SBP − ΔP; estimated mPAP = MAP − complete-cycle mean ΔP","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Clinical question","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"PA systolic pressure","value":"systolic"},{"label":"Mean PA pressure","value":"mean"},{"label":"Ductal gradient only","value":"gradient"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"systolic"},{"id":"direction","label":"Observed ductal flow","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Not established","value":"unknown"},{"label":"All left → right","value":"lr"},{"label":"Bidirectional","value":"bi"},{"label":"All right → left","value":"rl"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"unknown"},{"id":"v","label":"Peak systolic PDA velocity","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler","steps":["Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet.","Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation.","Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope."],"title":"Peak jet velocity"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["gradient","systolic"]},"minimum":0.01,"maximum":10,"initial":""},{"id":"sbp","label":"Systolic blood pressure","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value","steps":["Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo.","Confirm the value is entered in mmHg.","Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions."],"title":"Pressure measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["systolic"]},"minimum":0.01,"maximum":300,"initial":""},{"id":"mean","label":"Complete-cycle mean gradient","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Complete traced CW envelope","steps":["Align through the valve or shunt and record a complete envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope using the machine tool.","Use the machine-calculated mean gradient in mmHg."],"title":"Mean gradient"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["mean"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":250,"initial":""},{"id":"map","label":"Mean arterial pressure","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Contemporaneous cuff or invasive value","steps":["Use a pressure obtained in the same hemodynamic state as the echo.","Confirm the value is entered in mmHg.","Do not mix values acquired under different loading conditions."],"title":"Pressure measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["mean"]},"minimum":0.01,"maximum":250,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Locate the duct and record the whole cycle","locator":"Lopez et al. JASE 2024;37:119–170 · pp. 162–163 · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2023.11.015","supports":"High parasternal sagittal and suprasternal color sweeps; assess restriction and direction throughout the cycle. Abdominal holodiastolic reversal has other causes.","url":null},{"label":"Conditional pressure estimates","locator":"Musewe et al. Circulation 1987;76:1081–1091 · PMID 2959394; Lu et al. 1991 · PMID 1806337","supports":"Small simultaneous Doppler/catheter studies support systolic and mean estimates in appropriate PDA flow. Right-to-left velocity did not correlate with pressure in the Musewe series; this tool restricts subtraction to continuous left-to-right flow.","url":null},{"label":"Geometry and timing limitations","locator":"Duct-geometry study 1987 · PMID 3329223; Spach et al. Circulation 1980;61:110–122 · doi:10.1161/01.CIR.61.1.110","supports":"Duct configuration can distort Bernoulli estimates; instantaneous pressure separation and shunt direction change during the cardiac cycle.","url":null},{"label":"Hemodynamic significance is multiparametric","locator":"ASE targeted neonatal echo 2024 · pp. 185–188, Table 5 p. 197 · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2023.11.016; 2025 ACHD guideline §4.1.5 · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.09.006","supports":"Assess chamber/flow response and systemic runoff in their population context. Adult decisions incorporate net shunt, LV effects and PVR; no automated significance, PAH grade or closure recommendation is supplied.","url":null}],"locator":"ASE pediatric TTE 2024 pp. 162–163 · TNE 2024 pp. 185–188, Table 5 · Musewe et al. 1987","organization":"ASE · AHA / ACC · primary Doppler studies","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"PDA acquisition, pressure estimation and whole-shunt assessment","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2023.11.015","year":2025}},{"id":"coarctation","name":"Coarctation · anatomy & gradients","searchName":"Coarctation · anatomy & gradients calculator","purpose":"Coarctation · anatomy & gradients","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/coarctation/index.md","category":"Shunts & congenital","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/coarctation/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#coarctation","formula":"Peak ΔP = 4V₂²; corrected peak ΔP = 4(V₂² − V₁²); mean from systolic CW trace","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Available measurement","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Corrected peak","value":"corrected"},{"label":"Peak only","value":"peak"},{"label":"Traced mean","value":"mean"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"corrected"},{"id":"v1","label":"Proximal peak velocity V₁","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Pulsed-wave Doppler","steps":["Position the PW sample gate at the required anatomical station.","Align with flow and save a complete, unaliased envelope.","Measure the reproducible dense peak from zero in velocity units, not VTI."],"title":"Pulsed-wave peak velocity"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["corrected"]},"minimum":0.01,"maximum":10,"initial":""},{"id":"v2","label":"Coarctation peak velocity V₂","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler","steps":["Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet.","Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation.","Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope."],"title":"Peak jet velocity"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["corrected","peak"]},"minimum":0.01,"maximum":10,"initial":""},{"id":"mean","label":"Traced systolic mean gradient","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Complete traced CW envelope","steps":["Align through the valve or shunt and record a complete envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope using the machine tool.","Use the machine-calculated mean gradient in mmHg."],"title":"Mean gradient"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["mean"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Adult significance, not a severity scale","locator":"2025 ACHD guideline · Table 25","supports":"Mean Doppler and corrected maximum instantaneous gradients >20 mmHg are suggestive features; interpret lower gradients cautiously with LV dysfunction, severe AS or collaterals and elevated gradients after repair.","url":null},{"label":"Acquisition and downstream flow","locator":"ASE / EACVI Thoracic Aorta 2015 · pp. 162–163, Figure 51 · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2014.11.015","supports":"Suprasternal arch imaging and Doppler, delayed abdominal systolic upstroke and persistent forward diastolic flow; multimodality assessment of the whole aorta.","url":null},{"label":"Doppler versus catheter gradients","locator":"Egbe et al. 2023 · PMID 37660667 · PMC10805228","supports":"Only modest echo–catheter correlations in 121 adults. Peak, corrected peak and mean are distinct measurements; no regression conversion is implemented.","url":null},{"label":"Reporting anatomy and associated disease","locator":"ASE adult echo reporting 2025 · congenital lesions table · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2025.06.001","supports":"Describe narrowing, branch relationship, arch dimensions, diastolic continuation, abdominal Doppler and residual aortic complications.","url":null}],"locator":"Coarctation section · Table 25 and footnotes · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.09.006","organization":"ACC / AHA / HRS / ISACHD / SCAI · ASE / EACVI","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"2025 Guideline for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2025.09.006","year":2025}},{"id":"fontan-gradient","name":"Fontan · circulation & gradients","searchName":"Fontan · circulation & gradients calculator","purpose":"Fontan · circulation & gradients","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/fontan-gradient/index.md","category":"Shunts & congenital","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/fontan-gradient/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#fontan-gradient","formula":"Doppler mean ΔP = time average of 4v(t)² over the traced interval","fields":[{"id":"site","label":"Measured site","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Fenestration","value":"fen"},{"label":"Fontan–PA connection","value":"ana"},{"label":"IVC–Fontan connection","value":"ivc"},{"label":"Glenn connection","value":"glenn"},{"label":"Branch pulmonary artery","value":"pa"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"fen"},{"id":"mean","label":"Traced mean gradient","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Complete traced CW envelope","steps":["Align through the valve or shunt and record a complete envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope using the machine tool.","Use the machine-calculated mean gradient in mmHg."],"title":"Mean gradient"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":100,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Site-specific adult reference","locator":"EACVI 2018 · p. 1094, Fontan circulation · doi:10.1093/ehjci/jey102","supports":"Fenestration mean 4–8 mmHg is a contextual reference; a cavopulmonary connection mean of 3 mmHg may be important. No universal Fontan severity grade is supplied.","url":null},{"label":"Map connections and acquire the correct spectrum","locator":"Klug & Kwon · ASE Echo May/June 2025 · pp. 24–27, Fontan Imaging Tips (educational article)","supports":"Identify the operation, examine both Glenns when present, optimize low-velocity flow, use PW at connections and CW for the fenestration mean.","url":null},{"label":"Fenestration gradient is an imperfect surrogate","locator":"Sanders et al. · Pediatr Cardiol 2025;46:2047–2053 (online 2024) · PMID 39395055 · doi:10.1007/s00246-024-03651-1","supports":"Retrospective 59-patient comparison; echo within six months of catheterization. Limited agreement does not support treating Doppler as direct catheter pressure or applying a regression conversion.","url":null},{"label":"Whole-circulation assessment","locator":"2025 ACHD guideline · Fontan palliation section · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.09.006; AHA Fontan statement 2019 · doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000696","supports":"Evaluate ventricular/valvar function, pathway and venous obstruction, collaterals, rhythm and end-organ effects; unexplained deterioration may require expert invasive assessment.","url":null}],"locator":"EACVI 2018 p. 1094 · ASE Echo May/June 2025 pp. 24–27 · Sanders et al. 2025","organization":"EACVI · ASE · AHA / ACC","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Fontan circulation: imaging, acquisition and hemodynamic limitations","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jey102","year":2025}},{"id":"aortic-prosthesis","name":"Aortic prosthesis · EOA, DVI, PPM","searchName":"Aortic prosthetic valve calculator: EOA, DVI and PPM","purpose":"Review effective orifice area, Doppler velocity index and prosthesis–patient mismatch inputs for the aortic prosthesis tool.","relatedViews":["plax","a5c","a3c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis/index.md","category":"Prosthetic valves","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#aortic-prosthesis","formula":"EOA = LVOT area × LVOT VTI ÷ prosthesis VTI; DVI = LVOT VTI ÷ prosthesis VTI; iEOA = EOA ÷ BSA","fields":[{"id":"lvot","label":"LVOT VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Pulsed-wave Doppler","steps":["Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract.","Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI."],"title":"Pulsed-wave VTI"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"av","label":"Prosthesis VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler trace","steps":["Use the same aligned CW recording as the peak velocity.","Trace the outer edge of the dense envelope for the relevant phase.","Use the machine-reported VTI in centimeters."],"title":"Jet VTI"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"d","label":"LVOT diameter","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"bsa","label":"Body surface area","unit":"m²","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Record the units, date and measurement source","steps":["Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated.","Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight.","Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results."],"title":"Height and weight"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":4,"initial":""},{"id":"bmi","label":"Body mass index","unit":"kg/m²","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Record the units, date and measurement source","steps":["Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated.","Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight.","Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results."],"title":"Height and weight"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":120,"initial":""},{"id":"at","label":"Acceleration time","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Spectral Doppler timing","steps":["Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries.","Measure from the specified onset to offset.","Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling."],"title":"Time interval"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":2000,"initial":""},{"id":"et","label":"Ejection time","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Spectral Doppler timing","steps":["Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries.","Measure from the specified onset to offset.","Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling."],"title":"Time interval"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":2000,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"EOA and DVI calculation","locator":"Section IC(iii)(b–c) · PDF pp. 7–9","supports":"Continuity-derived effective orifice area, LVOT sampling, and Doppler velocity index.","url":null},{"label":"Acceleration indices","locator":"Table 5 · JASE p. 19","supports":"Acceleration time and AT/ET ranges for normal, possible, and significant stenosis patterns.","url":null},{"label":"BMI-specific aortic PPM","locator":"Table 7 · JASE p. 20","supports":"Indexed EOA thresholds for BMI below 30 and BMI at least 30 kg/m².","url":null}],"locator":"EOA and DVI pp. 7–9 · Table 5 JASE p. 19 · Table 7 p. 20","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Guidelines for the Evaluation of Prosthetic Valve Function With Cardiovascular Imaging","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/PIIS0894731723005333.pdf","year":2024}},{"id":"aortic-prosthesis-screen","name":"Surgical aortic prosthesis · obstruction","searchName":"Surgical aortic prosthesis · obstruction calculator","purpose":"Surgical aortic prosthesis · obstruction","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis-screen/index.md","category":"Prosthetic valves","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis-screen/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#aortic-prosthesis-screen","formula":"2024 ASE Table 5 · pair flow-dependent and flow-independent SAVR findings","fields":[{"id":"v","label":"Peak velocity","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler","steps":["Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet.","Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation.","Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope."],"title":"Peak jet velocity"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""},{"id":"mean","label":"Mean gradient","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Complete traced CW envelope","steps":["Align through the valve or shunt and record a complete envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope using the machine tool.","Use the machine-calculated mean gradient in mmHg."],"title":"Mean gradient"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""},{"id":"dvi","label":"DVI · LVOT VTI ÷ prosthesis VTI","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":2,"initial":""},{"id":"eoaReference","label":"EOA vs expected valve reference","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Not available","value":"unknown"},{"label":"Within 1 SD","value":"within"},{"label":"1 to <2 SD below","value":"oneSD"},{"label":"≥2 SD below","value":"twoSD"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"unknown"},{"id":"at","label":"Acceleration time","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Spectral Doppler timing","steps":["Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries.","Measure from the specified onset to offset.","Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling."],"title":"Time interval"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":2000,"initial":""},{"id":"ratio","label":"AT/ET ratio","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Spectral Doppler timing","steps":["Use a sweep speed that clearly shows the interval boundaries.","Measure from the specified onset to offset.","Average representative beats using consistent rhythm handling."],"title":"Time interval"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":30,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"SAVR obstruction ranges","locator":"Table 5 · JASE p. 19","supports":"Peak velocity, mean gradient, DVI, reference-relative EOA, acceleration time, and AT/ET ranges.","url":null},{"label":"Required parameter concordance","locator":"Table 5 footnote · JASE p. 19","supports":"Significant stenosis should include at least one flow-dependent and one flow-independent parameter.","url":null},{"label":"Acquisition and differential","locator":"Key recommendations · PDF p. 21","supports":"Multiple Doppler windows and exclusion of high flow, PPM, sub/supravalvular obstruction, and pressure recovery.","url":null}],"locator":"Figure 13 and Table 5 · JASE p. 19 · recommendations p. 21","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Guidelines for the Evaluation of Prosthetic Valve Function With Cardiovascular Imaging","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/PIIS0894731723005333.pdf","year":2024}},{"id":"aortic-prosthesis-serial","name":"Aortic prosthesis · serial comparison","searchName":"Aortic prosthesis · serial comparison calculator","purpose":"Aortic prosthesis · serial comparison","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis-serial/index.md","category":"Prosthetic valves","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/aortic-prosthesis-serial/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#aortic-prosthesis-serial","formula":"Compare current mean gradient, DVI and EOA with a stable postimplant baseline","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Comparison","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"TAVI · change from baseline","value":"tavi"},{"label":"Bioprosthesis · hemodynamic deterioration","value":"bioprosthesis"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"tavi"},{"id":"baselineMean","label":"Baseline mean gradient","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":200,"initial":""},{"id":"currentMean","label":"Current mean gradient","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":200,"initial":""},{"id":"baselineDVI","label":"Baseline DVI","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":2,"initial":""},{"id":"currentDVI","label":"Current DVI","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":2,"initial":""},{"id":"baselineEOA","label":"Baseline EOA","unit":"cm²","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":10,"initial":""},{"id":"currentEOA","label":"Current EOA","unit":"cm²","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":10,"initial":""},{"id":"comparable","label":"Study conditions","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Stable / comparable","value":"yes"},{"label":"Different / uncertain","value":"no"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Acquisition and interpretation","locator":"Tables 5–6, pp.19–20; baseline and acquisition context","supports":"Method-specific acquisition and reference context. Arithmetic uses entered measurements; clinical interpretation remains subject to image quality and study context.","url":null}],"locator":"Tables 5–6, pp.19–20; baseline and acquisition context","organization":"ASE","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Evaluation of Prosthetic Valve Function","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/PIIS0894731723005333.pdf","year":2024}},{"id":"mitral-prosthesis","name":"Mitral prosthesis · EOA, DVI, PPM","searchName":"Mitral prosthetic valve calculator: EOA, DVI and PPM","purpose":"Explore effective orifice area, Doppler velocity index and prosthesis–patient mismatch inputs for the mitral prosthesis tool.","relatedViews":["a4c","a5c"],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-prosthesis/index.md","category":"Prosthetic valves","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-prosthesis/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#mitral-prosthesis","formula":"EOA = LVOT area × LVOT VTI ÷ MV prosthesis VTI; DVI = MV prosthesis VTI ÷ LVOT VTI","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Measurement","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"EOA & DVI","value":"continuity"},{"label":"Patient–prosthesis mismatch","value":"ppm"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"continuity"},{"id":"lvot","label":"LVOT VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Pulsed-wave Doppler","steps":["Place the sample volume at the specified annulus or outflow tract.","Align the Doppler beam with flow and record a clean envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope and use the reported VTI."],"title":"Pulsed-wave VTI"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["continuity","ppm"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"mv","label":"Mitral prosthesis VTI","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler trace","steps":["Use the same aligned CW recording as the peak velocity.","Trace the outer edge of the dense envelope for the relevant phase.","Use the machine-reported VTI in centimeters."],"title":"Jet VTI"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["continuity","ppm"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"d","label":"LVOT diameter","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"2D echo · inner-edge measurement","steps":["Use the specified view and cardiac phase.","Align the calipers perpendicular to the structure’s long axis.","Measure inner edge to inner edge and avoid oblique foreshortening."],"title":"Diameter"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["continuity","ppm"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"bsa","label":"Body surface area","unit":"m²","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Record the units, date and measurement source","steps":["Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated.","Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight.","Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results."],"title":"Height and weight"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["continuity","ppm"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":4,"initial":""},{"id":"bmi","label":"Body mass index","unit":"kg/m²","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["ppm"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":100,"initial":""},{"id":"motion","label":"Valve structure & motion","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Normal","value":"normal"},{"label":"Abnormal","value":"abnormal"},{"label":"Uncertain","value":"unknown"}],"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["ppm"]},"maximum":null,"initial":"unknown"},{"id":"eoaReference","label":"EOA vs model / size reference","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Within 1 SD","value":"within"},{"label":"Outside 1 SD","value":"outside"},{"label":"Not known","value":"unknown"}],"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["ppm"]},"maximum":null,"initial":"unknown"},{"id":"volumeMatch","label":"Continuity volume matching","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Valid · no significant MR / AR","value":"valid"},{"label":"Limited","value":"limited"},{"label":"Uncertain","value":"unknown"}],"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["ppm"]},"maximum":null,"initial":"unknown"},{"id":"baseline","label":"Stable postoperative baseline","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Stable","value":"stable"},{"label":"New change","value":"changed"},{"label":"Not known","value":"unknown"}],"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["ppm"]},"maximum":null,"initial":"unknown"}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Mitral EOA, DVI and PPM","locator":"Section III.B(i) · JASE pp. 24–25","supports":"EOA from LVOT stroke volume / mitral VTI; inverse VTI ratio for DVI. Table 7 supplies BMI-adjusted mitral PPM bands, requiring normal structure/motion and EOA within 1 SD of the model/size reference.","url":null},{"label":"Limitations","locator":"Section III.B(i) · JASE pp. 24–25","supports":"Important MR can underestimate LVOT-based mitral EOA; significant AR also breaks volume matching. PHT-derived EOA is invalid. Integrate prosthesis type, size, flow, rhythm and baseline.","url":null}],"locator":"EOA and DVI JASE pp. 9–10 · mitral evaluation pp. 24–25 · Table 7 p. 20 (BMI-adjusted PPM and prerequisites) · Table 11 p. 27","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Guidelines for the Evaluation of Prosthetic Valve Function With Cardiovascular Imaging","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/PIIS0894731723005333.pdf","year":2024}},{"id":"mitral-prosthesis-screen","name":"Mitral prosthesis · obstruction","searchName":"Mitral prosthesis · obstruction calculator","purpose":"Mitral prosthesis · obstruction","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-prosthesis-screen/index.md","category":"Prosthetic valves","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/mitral-prosthesis-screen/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#mitral-prosthesis-screen","formula":"Integrate velocity, gradient, DVI, EOA and PHT","fields":[{"id":"v","label":"Peak velocity","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Continuous-wave Doppler","steps":["Align the CW cursor as parallel as possible to the jet.","Acquire a dense, complete envelope without truncation.","Measure the highest absolute velocity on the selected envelope."],"title":"Peak jet velocity"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":12,"initial":""},{"id":"mean","label":"Mean gradient","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Complete traced CW envelope","steps":["Align through the valve or shunt and record a complete envelope.","Trace the modal velocity envelope using the machine tool.","Use the machine-calculated mean gradient in mmHg."],"title":"Mean gradient"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""},{"id":"dvi","label":"DVI · prosthesis VTI ÷ LVOT VTI","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":15,"initial":""},{"id":"eoa","label":"EOA","unit":"cm²","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":25,"initial":""},{"id":"pht","label":"Pressure half-time","unit":"ms","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"CW Doppler deceleration slope","steps":["Record a complete inflow or regurgitant CW envelope.","Trace the deceleration slope using the machine PHT tool.","Average representative beats and use additional beats in atrial fibrillation."],"title":"Pressure half-time"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":2000,"initial":""},{"id":"hr","label":"Heart rate at Doppler acquisition","unit":"bpm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":300,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Mitral obstruction ranges","locator":"Table 11 · JASE p. 27","supports":"Individual peak velocity, mean gradient, DVI, EOA and pressure half-time reference bands; integrate findings without an invented abnormal-parameter count.","url":null},{"label":"Required reporting context","locator":"Table 10 JASE p. 27 · key recommendations p. 29","supports":"Heart rate, prosthesis type and size, chamber response, pulmonary pressure, and comparison with baseline.","url":null}],"locator":"Tables 10–11 JASE p. 27 · Table 12 p. 28 · recommendations p. 29","organization":"American Society of Echocardiography","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Exact guideline locator mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Guidelines for the Evaluation of Prosthetic Valve Function With Cardiovascular Imaging","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/PIIS0894731723005333.pdf","year":2024}},{"id":"bsa","name":"Body surface area · height and weight","searchName":"Body surface area calculator: height and weight","purpose":"Calculate body surface area from height and weight, with explicit units and the formula supplied by the tool.","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/bsa/index.md","category":"Right heart & PA","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/bsa/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#bsa","formula":"Mosteller: BSA = √(height × weight / 3600)","fields":[{"id":"height","label":"Height · H","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Record the units, date and measurement source","steps":["Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated.","Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight.","Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results."],"title":"Height and weight"},"visibility":null,"minimum":30,"maximum":250,"initial":""},{"id":"weight","label":"Weight · W","unit":"kg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Record the units, date and measurement source","steps":["Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated.","Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight.","Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results."],"title":"Height and weight"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0.3,"maximum":400,"initial":""},{"id":"formula","label":"Formula","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Record the units, date and measurement source","steps":["Use measured height and weight where feasible. Record the units, date and whether a value was reported or estimated.","Fluid status and weight changes affect BSA. Document any substituted weight; do not silently replace measured weight with ideal or dry weight.","Use the unit named by the field. BSA is in m²; height and weight can be converted in the Body surface area calculator. Keep the formula with serial indexed results."],"title":"Height and weight"},"options":[{"label":"Mosteller","value":"mosteller"},{"label":"Du Bois","value":"dubois"},{"label":"Haycock","value":"haycock"},{"label":"Gehan & George","value":"gehan"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"mosteller"}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Mosteller","locator":"N Engl J Med 1987;317:1098 · doi:10.1056/NEJM198710223171717","supports":"BSA = √(H × W / 3600). H in cm, W in kg, BSA in m². The app defaults to this equation; this is not a claim that every echo reference uses it.","url":null},{"label":"Du Bois & Du Bois","locator":"Arch Intern Med 1916;17:863–871 · doi:10.1001/archinte.1916.00080130010002","supports":"BSA = 0.007184 × H^0.725 × W^0.425; H in cm and W in kg.","url":null},{"label":"Haycock, Schwartz & Wisotsky","locator":"J Pediatr 1978;93:62–66 · PMID:650346","supports":"BSA = 0.024265 × H^0.3964 × W^0.5378; H in cm and W in kg. The primary study included infants, children and adults.","url":null},{"label":"Gehan & George","locator":"Cancer Chemother Rep 1970;54:225–235 · PMID:5527019","supports":"BSA = 0.0235 × H^0.42246 × W^0.51456; H in cm and W in kg.","url":null},{"label":"Body size and indexed valve area","locator":"EACVI/ASE aortic stenosis focused update 2017 · section 1.3 · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2017.02.009","supports":"BSA indexing has limitations in obesity: aortic valve area does not grow in proportion to excess weight. Do not infer stenosis severity from an indexed value alone.","url":null},{"label":"Chamber indexing in obesity","locator":"Zong et al. JASE 2014;27:1267–1274 · PMID:25193637","supports":"The choice of body-size normalization affects recognition of left-heart enlargement in obesity. Retain raw measurements alongside indexed results.","url":null}],"locator":"Du Bois 1916 · Gehan & George 1970 · Haycock 1978 · Mosteller 1987","organization":"Primary BSA publications","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Height–weight estimates of body surface area","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3657876/","year":null}},{"id":"wave-relations","name":"Wave relationships","searchName":"Wave relationships calculator","purpose":"Wave relationships","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/wave-relations/index.md","category":"Ultrasound physics","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/wave-relations/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#wave-relations","formula":"Period = 1/f; wavelength = c/f; pulse duration = period × cycles","fields":[{"id":"freq","label":"Transmit frequency","unit":"MHz","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"c","label":"Sound speed","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"cycles","label":"Cycles per pulse","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":100,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Wave relationships","locator":"§16.1 · equation 16.1","supports":"Period is the reciprocal of frequency; wavelength is propagation speed divided by frequency. A burst of n cycles has duration n times the period. Particle oscillation is distinct from propagation of the disturbance.","url":null}],"locator":"§16.1 · wave period, frequency and speed; equation 16.1","organization":"OpenStax · Rice University","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"University Physics Volume 1 · Traveling waves","url":"https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/16-1-traveling-waves","year":2016}},{"id":"pulse-repetition","name":"Pulse repetition and Nyquist","searchName":"Pulse repetition and Nyquist calculator","purpose":"Pulse repetition and Nyquist","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/pulse-repetition/index.md","category":"Ultrasound physics","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/pulse-repetition/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#pulse-repetition","formula":"PRPmin ≈ 13 × depth; PRF = 1/PRP; Nyquist = PRF/2; duty = PD/PRP","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Start from","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Depth limit","value":"depth"},{"label":"Known PRF","value":"prf"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"depth"},{"id":"depth","label":"Sample depth","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["depth"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"prf","label":"Pulse repetition frequency","unit":"kHz","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["prf"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"pd","label":"Pulse duration · PD","unit":"µs","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"shift","label":"Peak Doppler shift · |Δf|","unit":"kHz","kind":"number","optional":true,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Range and sampling","locator":"Chapter 1 · pulse timing and PW Doppler","supports":"Round-trip time limits conventional unambiguous PRF. Nyquist is half the PRF; CW removes pulsed aliasing while losing sample-depth selection.","url":null},{"label":"Duty factor","locator":"ASE Echocardiography Formula Review Guide Part 2 · principles of waves and sound","supports":"Duty factor is pulse duration divided by repetition period. The 13 µs/cm depth relation is a rounded soft-tissue approximation, not a scanner setting.","url":null}],"locator":"Chapter 1 · Figures 1.3 and 1.6; PW Doppler and Nyquist, pp. 3–6","organization":"Cambridge University Press","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Manual of Neurosonology · Ultrasound principles","url":"https://assets.cambridge.org/97811076/59155/excerpt/9781107659155_excerpt.pdf","year":2016}},{"id":"pulse-geometry","name":"Pulse length and near field","searchName":"Pulse length and near field calculator","purpose":"Pulse length and near field","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/pulse-geometry/index.md","category":"Ultrasound physics","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/pulse-geometry/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#pulse-geometry","formula":"λ = c/f; SPL = cycles × λ; axial limit ≈ SPL/2; N ≈ D²/(4λ)","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Explore","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Pulse length","value":"pulse"},{"label":"Near field","value":"near"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"pulse"},{"id":"freq","label":"Transmit frequency · f","unit":"MHz","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"c","label":"Sound speed · c","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"cycles","label":"Cycles per pulse · n","unit":"","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["pulse"]},"minimum":1,"maximum":100,"initial":""},{"id":"diameter","label":"Active aperture diameter · D","unit":"mm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["near"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Near-field model","locator":"§2.4 Beam characteristics; WHO EHC 22 §2.2.1","supports":"N ≈ D²/(4λ) for a flat circular aperture with D much greater than wavelength. Near-field interference and far-field divergence do not specify electronic array focusing.","url":null},{"label":"Pulse and axial separation","locator":"ASE Formula Review Guide Part 2 · principles of waves and sound","supports":"Wavelength is sound speed divided by frequency; SPL is cycles times wavelength; the ideal axial separation estimate is SPL/2.","url":null}],"locator":"§2.4 · circular-element near-field distance N = D²/(4λ)","organization":"Evident · Ultrasound education","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Ultrasonic beam characteristics","url":"https://ims.evidentscientific.com/en/learn/ndt-tutorials/flaw-detection/beam-characteristics","year":null}},{"id":"doppler-equation","name":"Doppler equation","searchName":"Doppler equation calculator","purpose":"Doppler equation","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/doppler-equation/index.md","category":"Ultrasound physics","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/doppler-equation/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#doppler-equation","formula":"Δf = 2fₜv cosθ/c; v = |Δf|c/(2fₜ cosθ)","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Solve for","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Velocity","value":"velocity"},{"label":"Frequency shift","value":"shift"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"velocity"},{"id":"shift","label":"Shift magnitude · |Δf|","unit":"kHz","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["velocity"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"velocity","label":"Blood speed · v","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["shift"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"tx","label":"Transmit frequency · fₜ","unit":"MHz","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"angle","label":"Beam-to-flow angle · θ","unit":"°","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":90,"initial":""},{"id":"c","label":"Sound speed · c","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Alignment in echocardiography","locator":"ASE Comprehensive TTE (2019), p. 42","supports":"Detected velocity depends on cosine of the beam-to-flow angle. Improve alignment and compare windows rather than using angle correction; choose a well-acquired maximum-velocity signal.","url":null},{"label":"Equation and sign","locator":"Cambridge, Manual of Neurosonology (2016), pp. 4–5, Fig. 1.5","supports":"Frequency shift is proportional to transmitted frequency, flow speed and cosine of the angle. Perpendicular flow has zero axial shift.","url":null},{"label":"Two Doppler interactions","locator":"OpenStax College Physics 2e §17.7, Doppler-shifted ultrasound and Example 17.8","supports":"A moving scatterer first receives sound and then acts as a moving source. In the low-speed approximation each contributes half of the total echo shift.","url":null}],"locator":"ASE Comprehensive TTE · spectral Doppler, p. 42; Manual of Neurosonology (2016), Fig. 1.5","organization":"ASE","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Doppler equation and cardiac spectral acquisition","url":"https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/2019_Comprehensive-TTE.pdf","year":2019}},{"id":"acoustic","name":"Acoustic impedance and intensity","searchName":"Acoustic impedance and intensity calculator","purpose":"Acoustic impedance and intensity","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/acoustic/index.md","category":"Ultrasound physics","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/acoustic/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#acoustic","formula":"Z = ρc; R = ((Z₂ − Z₁) ÷ (Z₂ + Z₁))²; I = P ÷ A","fields":[{"id":"method","label":"Calculate","unit":"","kind":"selection","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"options":[{"label":"Impedance","value":"impedance"},{"label":"Reflection","value":"reflection"},{"label":"Intensity","value":"intensity"}],"visibility":null,"maximum":null,"initial":"impedance"},{"id":"density","label":"Density · ρ","unit":"kg/m³","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["impedance"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"c","label":"Sound speed · c","unit":"m/s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["impedance"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"z1","label":"Medium 1 · Z₁","unit":"MRayl","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["reflection"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"z2","label":"Medium 2 · Z₂","unit":"MRayl","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["reflection"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"power","label":"Acoustic power · P","unit":"W","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["intensity"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"area","label":"Beam area · A","unit":"cm²","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":{"afSecondary":false,"all":true,"field":"method","range":null,"rules":[],"values":["intensity"]},"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Acoustic relationships","locator":"§17.7 · impedance and intensity reflection; §17.3 · power per area","supports":"Z = density × sound speed. Normal-incidence intensity reflection follows the squared impedance ratio; transmission is the remaining fraction in the lossless model. I = P/A is mean power per beam area, not a clinical output index.","url":null}],"locator":"§17.7 · equations 17.38–17.39; §17.3 · intensity","organization":"OpenStax · Rice University","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"College Physics 2e · Ultrasound","url":"https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/17-7-ultrasound","year":2022}},{"id":"poiseuille","name":"Poiseuille flow","searchName":"Poiseuille flow calculator","purpose":"Poiseuille flow","relatedViews":[],"markdownURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/poiseuille/index.md","category":"Ultrasound physics","guideURL":"https://echosuite.app/guides/poiseuille/","interactiveURL":"https://echosuite.app/calculators/#poiseuille","formula":"Q = πr⁴ΔP/(8ηL); R = 8ηL/(πr⁴)","fields":[{"id":"r","label":"Tube radius · r","unit":"mm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"length","label":"Tube length · L","unit":"cm","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"viscosity","label":"Dynamic viscosity · η","unit":"mPa·s","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""},{"id":"dp","label":"Pressure drop · ΔP","unit":"mmHg","kind":"number","optional":false,"help":{"mode":"Enter the measured value in the displayed unit","steps":["Confirm the variable matches the selected formula.","Use the unit displayed beside the field.","Keep measurements from the same representative hemodynamic state."],"title":"Measurement"},"visibility":null,"minimum":0,"maximum":null,"initial":""}],"reference":{"evidence":[{"label":"Flow and resistance","locator":"OpenStax University Physics Vol. 1 §14.7","supports":"Q = πr⁴ΔP/(8ηL) for ideal laminar flow in a uniform tube. R = 8ηL/(πr⁴); holding flow fixed requires ΔP = QR.","url":null},{"label":"Circular velocity profile","locator":"Deville, An Introduction to the Mechanics of Incompressible Fluids (2022), §3.2.2, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04683-4_3","supports":"The fully developed circular-pipe profile is parabolic, zero at the wall, with centreline speed twice the area-averaged speed.","url":null},{"label":"Explicit input units","locator":"NIST SP 811 Appendix B.9 · pressure and dynamic viscosity","supports":"One conventional mmHg is 133.3224 Pa. One mPa·s is 0.001 Pa·s, numerically equal to one centipoise.","url":null}],"locator":"University Physics Vol. 1 §14.7 · viscosity and laminar flow","organization":"OpenStax · Rice University","snapshot":"1 October 2026","status":"Source mapped · clinical sign-off pending","title":"Poiseuille flow in a circular tube","url":"https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/14-7-viscosity-and-turbulence","year":2016}}]}